App: Banking Flashcards

1
Q

Banking book

A

Consists of everything not in the trading book

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2
Q

Trading book

A

A portfolio of financial instruments held by a bank, which are actively traded and which are to facilitate trading for the customers

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3
Q

Corporate banks

A

Traditional banking activities such as:

  • taking deposits
  • making loans
  • clearing cheques

They also offer merchant services and payroll services to businesses.

Most have a banking book and a trading book.

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4
Q

Retail banks

A

Offer deposit, investment and loan products to customers.

These can be long-term or short-term savings and secured or unsecured loans.

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5
Q

Types of banks

A

CRICT RD

Corporate banks
Retail banks
Investment banks
Community banks
Traditional deposit taking banks

Reserve (or central) banks
Development banks

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6
Q

What is the role of banks?

A

Banks play a vital role in providing liquidity to the financial system.

Banks also play the role of financial intermediaries.

Banks make possible the distribution of valuable economic and business information among customers and capital markets of all countries.

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7
Q

What is a financial intermediary?

A

Business entity that brings together providers and users of capital.

They develop the facilities and financial instruments which make lending and borrowing possible.

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8
Q

Investment banks

A

Refer to financial market activities such as:
- debt raising
- equity financing
for corporations or governments.

This includes originating securities, underwriting them, and then placing them with investors.

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9
Q

Reserve (or central) banks

A

The role of the reserve or central bank is to maintain price stability in the interests of balanced and sustainable economic growth.

Carries out these missions through:
- formulation and implementation of inflation targeting and monetary policy

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10
Q

Development banks

A

Also known as Development Financial Institutions.

  • They provide credit through higher risk loans
  • Usually supported by the government of a country
  • Usually focuses on large infrastructure projects within the public and private sector
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11
Q

Traditional deposit taking banks

A

Known as commercial or retail banks.

Provide services such as:

  • accepting deposits
  • providing loans
  • mortgage lending
  • other basic investment products

They are usually public companies that are regulated, listed on an exchange and owned by their shareholders.

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12
Q

How are loans priced?

A

Lending is typically priced relative to a benchmark rate (prime).

To account for credit risk, banks add a premium to the benchmark rate, to determine the lending rate.

The premium is intended to cover expected loan losses, while allowing the bank to make a profit.

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13
Q

List 3 things that will influence the lending rate

A
  1. Credit quality of the customer
  2. Whether there is any security involved
  3. The tenor of the loan

Tenor - The length of time until the loan is due

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14
Q

What will determine the deposit rates offered by banks?

A

The bank’s own credit quality.

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15
Q

How do banks make a profit?

A

Banks make a profit on the positive spread between what is earned on their loans and what is paid on their deposits and other funding.

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16
Q

Provisioning

A

Banks create provisions for loan losses.

  • Represents a charge against the income statement
  • An ‘overlay’ reserve may be created if there is an anticipation of worse than expected performance of the loan book.
17
Q

Describe two banking trends

A
  1. Increasing regulatory requirements for risk management, risk measurement and capital holdings
  2. Fintech brings together financial services and technology to modernize banking:
    - Include greater digital and mobile banking
    - Improved use of data
    - Artificial intelligence (AI)
18
Q

List 7 typical retail banking products

A
  1. Transactional accounts
  2. Savings accounts
  3. Credit cards
  4. Overdrafts
  5. Mortgage loans
  6. Vehicle finance loans
  7. Unsecured personal loans: revolving and term
19
Q

List 9 typical business products offered by banks

A
  1. Transactional accounts
  2. Overdrafts
  3. Asset based finance
  4. Unsecured loans
  5. Merchant services
  6. Foreign exchange and trade solution services
  7. Cash solutions
  8. Savings and investment products
  9. Portfolio management
20
Q

Main sources of revenue for a typical bank

A
  1. Net interest income
  2. Non-interest income:
    - Fees charged for banking book operations
    - Account fees
    - Commitment fees
    - Transaction fees
    - Asset management fees
    - Insurance fees
  3. Trading income from trading book:
    - Income related to all the contracts that the bank enters into as part of its trading operations.
    - Contracts are marked-to-market daily
21
Q

Main costs for a typical bank

A
  1. Operational expenses:
    - staff costs
    - marketing and sales
    - IT systems and equipment
  2. Cost of credit:
    - bad debts
22
Q

Different types of loans in the loan book

A
  1. Retail secured
  2. Retail unsecured
  3. Corporate
  4. Commerical
23
Q

List the key risks faced by banks

A
  1. Credit risk
  2. Market risk
  3. Operational risk
  4. Liquidity risk

Other risks faced include:

  • Business strategic risk
  • Currency risk
  • Pre-payment risk
  • Model risk
24
Q

List the 6 different types of market risk

A
  1. Volatility risk
  2. Currency risk
  3. Basis risk
  4. Interest rate risk
  5. Liquidity risk
  6. Commodity price risk
25
Q

What is the difference between a commercial bank and a mutual bank?

A

The biggest difference is that depositors who save their funds in the mutual bank become the shareholders of the bank.