demography- globalisation and migration Flashcards
globalisation
THE IDEA THAT BARRIERS BETWEEN SOCIETIES ARE DISAPPEARING AND PEOPLE ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY CONNECTED ACCROSS NATIONAL BOUNDARIES.
acceleration
There has been a speeding up of the rate of migration.
United Nations (2013): Between 2000 and 2013 international migration increased by 33%, to reach 232 million or 3.2% of the world’s population
differentiation
There are many types of migrant.
E.G: Permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses or refugees & asylum seekers. Some may have legal entitlement whereas others enter without permission.
Globalisation is increasing the diversity of types of migrant.
E.G: Students are now a major group of migrants; in the UK in 2014, there were more Chinese-born (26%) than UK-born (23%) postgraduate students
Vertovec 2007
Migrants now come from a much wider range of countries. Even within a single ethnic group, individuals differ in terms of their legal status, for example as citizens or spouses.
cohen: (2006)
THREE TYPES OF MIGRANT:
citizens
denizens
helots
citizens
With full citizenship rights. (EG: voting rights and access to benefits.
denizens
Are privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state, e.g: billionaire ‘oligarchs’ or highly paid employees of multinational companies.
helots
(literally, slaves) are the most exploited group. States and employers regard them as ‘disposable units of labour power’. They are found in unskilled, poorly paid work and include illegally trafficked workers, and those legally tied to particular employers, such as domestic servants.
feminisation of migration
In the past, most migrants were men. Today, however, almost half of all global migrants are female.
Ehrenreich & Hochschild (2003)
observe that care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries is increasingly done by women from poor countries.
Schutes (2011)
reports that 40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants. Most of these are female.
MIGRANT IDENTITIES
Migrants may develop hybrid identities made up of two or more different sources.
Eade 1994
Eade (1994) found that second generation Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchical identities: they saw themselves as Muslim first, then Bengali, then British.
Those with hybrid identities may find that others challenge their identity claims. (‘you’re not really one of us’) or accuse them of not ‘fitting in’.
transnational identities: Eriksen 2007
Eriksen (2007): Globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns. People are more likely to move about than settle permanently!
As a result, migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging completely to one culture or country. Instead, they may develop transnational ‘neither/nor’ identities and loyalties. Modern technology also makes it possible to sustain global ties without travelling.
