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one health ii > Association & Causation (10) - End E2 > Flashcards

Association & Causation (10) - End E2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is more objective?

A

scientific inquiry

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2
Q

What is the terminology of analytic epidemiology?

A

variable

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3
Q

Variables are either _____ or they are not. If not, they are said to be ______

A

independent or dependent

not: independent

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4
Q

In associations, X and Y are dependent. What are the types?

A

non-casually (x does not cause y)

casually (x causes y)

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5
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

a factor that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other factor you are trying to measure
- species, breed, sex, age

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6
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

a factor that is influenced or changed by another factor

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7
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

interference by a third factor that distorts the association within a study of two primary variables

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8
Q

In an scatter plot, the closer the points lie with respect to the straight line of best fit through them, the [stronger/weaker] the association between variables X and Y

A

stronger

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9
Q

What is a dose-response curve?

A

type of correlative association between an exposure and an effect

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10
Q

What is threshold in a dose-response curve?

A

refers to the lowest dose at which a particular response occurs

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11
Q

What is an epidemic curve?

A

a graph plotting the distribution of cases by time of onset

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12
Q

What is a contingency table?

A

tabular method of demonstrating association
data are tabulated in two dimensions

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13
Q

What is causality in epidemiologic studies?

A

one of the central concerns of epidemiology - to be able to assert that a causal association exists between an exposure factor and a disease

causality is a very complex issue

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14
Q

What is USPHS causality criteria?

A
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15
Q

What is consistency?

A

the association has been observed repeatedly, ideally by different observers

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16
Q

What is the strength of association?

A

refers to the magnitude of relative risk or odds ratios from observed studies

17
Q

A [positive/negative] dose-response gradient is another attribute of a causal association

A

positive

18
Q

What is specificity?

A

one particular exposure produces one specific outcome (or disease)

  • if the biological response to an exposure is variable, it is less likely to be causal
19
Q

What is temporality?

A

the exposure or factor must precede the outcome or disease

20
Q

What is coherence?

A

the cause-and-effect interpretation of the data should not seriously conflict with the generally known facts of the natural history and biology of the disease

synonymous with “biological plausibility”

21
Q

What is multifactorial (multiple) causality?

A

many types of causal relationships involve diseases with more than one causal factor

two models:
epidemiologic triangle
web of causation

22
Q

What are the 2 models of multifactorial causality?

A

epidemiologic triangle
web of causation

23
Q

What is an agent?

A

a factor — such as a microorganism, chemical substance, or form of radiation— whose presence, excessive presence, or (in deficiency disease) relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease

24
Q

What is host?

A

person or other living animal, including birds and arthropods, that affords subsistence or lodgment to an infectious agent under natural conditions

25
Q

What is an environment?

A

the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist, survive, or originate

26
Q

What is a web of causation?

A
27
Q

How do we rule out chance?

A

epidemiologists employ statistical procedures to assess the degree to which chance may have accounted for observed associations

we never completely rule out chance!

28
Q

What are methods for minimizing chance?

A

work through the causality criteria
minimize bias and confounding

29
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

na exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome

30
Q

What is risk assessment?

A

methodology used to provide quantitative measurement of risk to health

31
Q

What is probability vs chance?

A

probability: chance or risk of an event occurring (a proportion)

odds: ratio of the probability of an event occurring to the probability of an event not occurring

32
Q

Probability varies from ___ and ____. Odd varies between ____ and ____

A

probability: 0 and 1
odds: 0 and infinity

one health ii (14 decks)

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