Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PTA > Pathophysiology - Final > Flashcards

Pathophysiology - Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is a TBI?

A

Trauma to brain, neck, SC causing many types of disabilities and even death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does ICP stand for?

A

intercranial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Loss of consciousness for more than 30 minutes and memory loss after the injury lasting more than 24 hours is indicative of:

A

severe brain injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paralysis results from injury to what?

A

The brain and SC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does a primary injury TBI occur?

A

Brain tissue comes in contact with object or rapid acceleration/deceleration of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are contact injuries?

A

Contusions, lacerations, intracerebral hematomas.

Coup/contracoup/focal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does a secondary injury TBI occur?

A

Secondary cell death bc of cellular events following tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the term for head trauma that does not physically bruise the brain tissue?

A

Concussion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the term for head trauma that is more serious, and is a physical bruising of the brain tissue and often occurs when the skull is fractures?

A

Contusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Area of bruised lesions is called a…

A

coup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Area of a bruised lesion and injury on opposite side of brain…

A

contracoup lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Post concussion syndrome

A

refers to symptoms that may occur for weeks following a concussion including headache, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, short term memory issues, sensitivity to light or noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a contusion termed if the blow to the head results in brain tissue being torn?

A

Cerebral laceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can a cerebral laceration increase in size over hours/days causing deteriorations in brain function?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is more common? Contusions or concussions?

A

Concussions
Contusions are 20-30% of head injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some sx’s of concussions and contusions?

A

Unconsciousness, amnesia, blurred vision, headache, vomiting, irritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main symptom of both concussions and contusions?

A

Unconsciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is a concussion and contusion diagnosed?

A

Hx, head x-ray, neuro exam, CT, MRI, Glasgow coma scale, ranchos los amigos scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T or F?
Better outcomes are achieved with PT occurs in familiar settings with a pt who has had a TBI

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is tx for a concussion?

A

Rest/sleep under direct supervision, waking the pt every 2-4 hrs to check for consciousness changes, mood, pupil size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a tx for a contusion?

A

Hospitalization and continuous monitoring

20
Q

Should pts with head injuries take analgesics, sedatives, or stimulants? Why?

A

No - you do not want to alter how they feel or their sx’s so that you can correctly gauge their progress

21
Q

How can skull fractures occur and what is a big risk here?

A

Skull fractures can occur from MVA, fall, blow to the head, etc.

The risk is that fragments of bone may cut the brain and its vessels, resulting in a hematoma

22
Q

Fractures near the base of the skull can cause injury to what part of the brain?

A

They can cause injury to the respiratory center of the brain, resulting in cessation of breathing.

23
Q

What is performed if increased ICP occurs?

A

Craniotomy

24
Q

What is the term for a collection of blood between the skull and dura mater?

A

Epidural hematoma

25
Q

What is the term for collection of blood between the dura mater and arachnid layer?

A

Subdural hematoma

26
Q

Which is more common? Epidural or subdural hematoma

A

Subdural hematoma

27
Q

What causes an epidural hematoma?

A

Blow to the head like a bat

28
Q

What causes a subdural hematoma?

A

Caused by head striking an immobile object like falling to the ground

29
Q

What are the sx’s of an epidural hematoma?

A

Dilated pupils, headaches, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, increased ICP, loss of consciousness

30
Q

What are sx’s of a subdural hematoma?

A

Increased ICP, hemiparesis, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, dizziness, loss of consciousness

31
Q

What can be done to drain blood from the brain and cauterize tissue to stop further bleeding in an epidural or subdural hematoma?

A

Burr holes

32
Q

What is the term for bleeding into the subarachnoid space between the Pia mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Subarachnoid hematoma

33
Q

What is a subarachnoid hematoma caused by?

A

Usually caused by rupture of an aneurysm in an artery resulting in a sudden and severe headache and short period of unconsciousness

34
Q

What is the term for sudden loss of neurological function caused by an interruption in blood flow to the brain?

A

Stroke

35
Q

What kind of stroke is most common, affecting 80% of people and results from thrombosis, embolism, and hypo perfusion?

A

Ischemia stroke

36
Q

What kind of stroke occurs when blood vessels, rupture causing leakage of blood in or around the brain?

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

37
Q

A stroke can be classified as one if neurological deficits persist for at least how many hours?

A

24 hrs
Under 34 hrs is a TIA (transient ischemic attack)

38
Q

What is the term for paralysis?

A

Hemiplegia

39
Q

What is the term for weakness?

A

Hemiparesis

40
Q

In a stroke, is the affected side usually opposite of the side of the brain that has the lesion?

A

Yes

41
Q

Stokes are classified by what? (3)

A
  1. Etiology (hemorrhage, thrombus, embolism)
  2. Which artery is involved (anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, etc)
  3. Management categories (TIA, minor stroke, young stroke, deteriorating stroke, etc)
42
Q

Do women or men have a higher prevalence of strokes?

A

Men, and then it switches around 85 years old

43
Q

Survival rates of strokes are lessened by what?

A

Increased age, htn, heart disease, dm

44
Q

What are some risk factors for strokes?

A

htn, dm, hld, smoking, heart disease, CKD, sleep apnea, women’s early menopause, preeclampsia, pregnancy and 6 wks ppm, use of estrogen or estrogen + progestin

45
Q

What is the acronym for spotting a stroke?

A

BEFAST - balance, eyes, face, arms, speech, time

46
Q

Within minutes of blood flow stopping during a stroke, what dies?

A

Neurons die in ischemia core tissue (neurons need 20-25% blood flow to survive)

47
Q

In a stroke, what can occur that can elevate ICP leadings to herniation of the brain stem and is the most common cause of death in an acute stroke

A

Cerebral edema

48
Q

What is the most common site of occlusion of a stroke?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

49
Q
A

PTA (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions