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Phonetics & Phonology > Consonants & Vowels > Flashcards

Consonants & Vowels Flashcards

1
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A
  • Production of sounds
  • Speech organs
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2
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A
  • Transmission of sounds
  • Physical qualities: e.g. volume, duration, frequency
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3
Q

Auditive Phonetics

A
  • Perception of sounds; intake through the ear
  • Processing in the brain
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4
Q

What is a phoneme?

A
  • “smallest meaning-distinguishing units of a language”
  • Notation: slashes //; e.g., /pɪt/
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5
Q

How do I know if it distinguishes meaning? (phoneme)

A
  • Minimal pair test
    e.g. bit-pit; dog-dock
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6
Q

What is an Allophone?

A
  • Different realizations of the same phoneme
  • Notation: angled brackets [ ]; e.g. [ɫ]
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7
Q

What is a Grapheme?

A
  • Smallest functional unit of a writing system
  • Notation: angled brackets < >; e.g., <pit></pit>
  • Pronounciation: as the letters of the alphabet (e.g. /pi:/)
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8
Q

Consonants

A
  • Obstruction of the air stream
  • Noise element
  • Cannot be the centre of a syllable (exceptions)
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9
Q

Vowels

A
  • Air stream is not obstructed
  • Harmonic vibrations
  • can be the centre of a syllable
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10
Q

Organs of Articulation

A
  • lips
  • teeth
  • tongue (front/central/back)
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • vocal chords
  • pharynx
  • uvula
  • nasal cavity
  • soft palate
  • hard palate
  • alveolar ridge
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11
Q

Description of consonants - Distinctive features

A
  • Place of articulation
  • Manner of articulation
  • voicing
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12
Q

Consonants - Places of Articulation

A

Describes the exact place where the airstream is obstructed.

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13
Q

Places of Articulation - Name all of them (8)

A

a. bilabial
b. labiodental
c. dental
d. alveolar
e. post-alveolar
f. palatal
g. velar
h. glottal

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14
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

Describes the type or degree of closure of the speech organs, i.e. how the airstream is modified in the vocal tract

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15
Q

Manner of Articulation - Name all of them

A
  • plosive
  • fricative
  • affricate
  • nasal
  • lateral
  • approximant
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16
Q

State of glottis

A

voiced
voiceless

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17
Q

Voiced

A

Vibration of the vocal folds (vocal folds are close together)

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18
Q

Voiceless

A

No vibration of vocal folds (vocal folds are far apart)

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19
Q

/d/

A

plosive, alveolar, voiced
e.g.: dog

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20
Q

/p/

A

plosive, bilabial, voiceless
e.g.: pull

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21
Q

/b/

A

plosive, bilabial, voiced
e.g.: burn

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22
Q

/t/

A

plosive, alveolar, voiceless
e.g.: take

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23
Q

/k/

A

plosive, velar, voiceless
e.g.: king

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24
Q

/g/

A

plosive, velar, voiced
e.g.: get

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25
Q

/f/

A

fricative, labiodental, voiceless
e.g.: fish

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26
Q

/v/

A

fricative, labiodental, voiced
e.g.: vain

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27
Q

/θ/

A

fricative, dental, voiceless
e.g.: thin

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28
Q

/ð/

A

fricative, dental, voiced
e.g.: there

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29
Q

/s/

A

fricative, alveolar, voiceless
e.g.: sin

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30
Q

/z/

A

fricative, alveolar, voiced
e.g.: zoo

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31
Q

/ʃ/

A

fricative, postalveolar, voiceless
e.g.: shine

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32
Q

/ʒ/

A

fricative, postalveolar, voiced
e.g.: rouge

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33
Q

/h/

A

fricative, glottal, voiceless
e.g.: high

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34
Q

/tʃ/

A

affricate, postalveolar, voiceless
e.g.: chair

35
Q

/dʒ/

A

affricate, postalveolar, voiced
e.g.: job/bridge

36
Q

/m/

A

nasal, bilabial, voiced
e.g.: mouse

37
Q

/n/

A

nasal, alveolar, voiced
e.g.: noise/nose

38
Q

/ŋ/

A

nasal, velar, voiced
e.g.: king

39
Q

/l/

A

lateral, alveolar, voiced
e.g.: long

40
Q

/w/

A

approximant, bilabial, voiced
e.g.: warn

41
Q

/r/

A

approximant, postalveolar, voiced
e.g.: red

42
Q

/j/

A

approximant, palatal, voiced
e.g.: yes

43
Q

Vowel -characteristics

A
  • no obstruction of the airstream
  • harmonic vibrations, no noise element
  • can be centre of a syllable
44
Q

Vowels -distinctive features

A
  • Vowel quality (position of the tongue in the mouth; openness of the mouth)
  • Vowel quantity (length (long/short) ; duration)
  • Monophthongs/Diphthongs
45
Q

Lexical sets

A

Vowels can be described using lexical sets (Wells, 1982)
- each word (lexical set) stands for a vowel and a specific sound environment
- pronounciation of the vowel can differ in different accents
- lexical sets ensure clarity in communication across different accents

46
Q

Monophthong

A

No change in quality during articulation
e.g.: /fɪt/ (fit)
/ʃuːt/ (shoot)

47
Q

/iː/

A

front, closed, long
monophthong
e.g.: seat

48
Q

/ɪ/

A

front, between closed and half-closed, short
monophthong
e.g.: sit

49
Q

/ʊ/

A

back, between closed and half-closed, short
monophthong
e.g.: foot, put

50
Q

/uː/

A

back, closed, long
monophthong
e.g.: food, boot

51
Q

/e/

A

front, half-closed ; half-open, short
monophthong
e.g.: set, pet

52
Q

/ɜ:/

A

central, half-closed, long
monophthong
e.g.: bird, heard

53
Q

/ə/

A

central, half-open, short
monophthong
e.g.: mother

54
Q

/ɔ:/

A

back, between half-closed and half-open, long
monophthong
e.g.: law

55
Q

/æ/

A

front, open, short
monophthong
e.g.: sat, pat

56
Q

/ʌ/

A

central, open, short
monophthong
e.g.: some, cut

57
Q

/ɑ:/

A

back, open, long
monophthong
e.g.: father

58
Q

/ɒ/

A

back, open, short
monophthong
e.g. dog

59
Q

Diphthong

A

Change of quality within one syllable
> both elements merge
/meɪk/ (make)
/ðeə/ (there)

  1. Closing Diphthong
  2. Centring Diphthong
60
Q

/eɪ/

A

front, between half-open and half-closed > front, closed, long
closing diphthong
e.g.: mate, they, place

61
Q

/ʊə/

A

back, closed > central, long
centring diphthong
e.g.: sure, poor
> strong tendency to replace diphthong with the long monophthong /ɔ:/

62
Q

/əʊ/

A

central, between half-closed and half-open > back, closed, long
closing diphthong
e.g.: home, so

63
Q

/aɪ/

A

central, open > front, closed, long
closing diphthong
e.g.: my, time

64
Q

/aʊ/

A

back, open > back, closed, long
closing diphthong
e.g.: house, town

65
Q

/ɔɪ/

A

back, half-open > front, closed, long
closing diphthong
e.g.: boy, oil

66
Q

/ɪə/

A

front, closed > central, long
centring diphthong
e.g.: here, dear

67
Q

/eə/

A

front, half-open > central, long
centring diphthong
e.g.: there, air

68
Q

Closing Diphthong

A

> end in /ɪ, ʊ/

69
Q

Centring Diphthong

A

> end in /ə/

70
Q

Lexical Morphemes

A

Carry an independent meaning
e.g.: {-er} {un-} {dog}

71
Q

Grammatical Morphemes

A

Express grammatical relations
e.g.: {the} {-ed} {-s}

72
Q

Free lexical Morpheme

A
  • can stand alone
  • content words
    e.g.: {fair} {dog}
73
Q

Bound lexical Morpheme

A
  • bound to a word
  • derivational morpheme
  • indicates where it is bound (prefix or suffix)
    e.g.: {un-} {-er} {-ly}
74
Q

Free grammatical Morpheme

A
  • function word
    e.g.: {the} {but}
75
Q

Bound grammatical Morpheme

A
  • inflectional morpheme
    e.g.: {-s} in dogs
76
Q

Minimal Pair

A

Words that differ/are distinguished in just one sound in the same position
e.g.: /b,ɪ,t/ /hɪt/ differ in one phoneme

77
Q

Plosive

A

Blocking the airstream completely, releasing air in a burst (explosive)

78
Q

Fricative

A

Restricting the airstream at different places (friction)

79
Q

Affricate

A

Moving from plosive to fricative (explosion then friction)

80
Q

Nasal

A

Airstream is not moving out of your mouth but out of your nose

81
Q

Lateral

A

Airstream passes trough the sides of your tongue

82
Q

Approximant

A

Least consonant like sounds, approximating vowels

83
Q

Final Obstruent Devoicing/Auslautverhärtung

A

Obstruent = collective term for plosives, fricatives and affricates

in English: Syllable-final obstruents constitute minimal pairs
> it can help to lengthen the preceding vowel when pronouncing the word

84
Q
A

Phonetics & Phonology (6 decks)

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