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Introduction to Anatomy > Respiratory System 2 - Lower Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory System 2 - Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does the conductive portion of the functional division (lower respiratory tract) include?

A

Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole

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2
Q

What does the respiratory portion of the functional division (lower respiratory tract) include?

A

Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
Alveolar sac

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3
Q

Describe the location of the trachea?

A

–> Runs through the mediastinum.
–> The trachea lies immediately anterior to the oesophagus.
–> At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates (or divides into two – ‘bi’= two) into the right and left main or primary bronchi.

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4
Q

What is the carina?

A

The point of bifurcation of the trachea, which is a cartilaginous ridge between the two primary bronchi.

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5
Q

Explain the gross anatomy of the trachea?

A

The trachea is composed of a framework of 15-20 C-shaped cartilages called tracheal cartilages connected by ligaments.

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6
Q

What is the composition & function of the trachealis muscle?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

–> Allows for the expansion of the oesophagus as ingested material passes through it.
–> Contraction of the trachealis muscle also decreases the diameter of the trachea, causing expired air to rush upward from the lungs with greater force.

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7
Q

Label the image of the trachea?

A
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8
Q

How do we regulate the voice loudness and pitch?

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A
  • We regulate voice loudness through the force with which the lungs expel air through the vocal cords.
  • We regulate pitch by adjusting the tension and length of these cords.

Epiglottis:
To cover the trachea during swallowing, preventing food and liquid from entering the lungs.

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9
Q

Name & label the cross section of the trachea and oesophagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Media
Adventitia

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10
Q

What is the structure of the mucosa of the trachea & what does each layer contain?

A

A mucosa is composed of an epithelial layer and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria.

Epithelial layer = respiratory epithelium
Lamina propria = contains mucous glands (to produce mucous that traps any foreign substances that are inhaled).

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11
Q

What is the submucosa of the trachea composed of & what does it contain?

A

Areolar connective tissue.

Contains submucosal glands, which produce mucous that traps any foreign substances that are inhaled.

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12
Q

What does the media of the trachea contain?

A

Contains the C-shaped tracheal cartilages, which are composed of hyaline cartilage.

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13
Q

What is the adventitia of the trachea composed of & what is its function?

A

–> Composed of areolar connective tissue.
–> Anchors the trachea to surrounding structures.

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14
Q

Label the histology image of the tracheal wall?

A
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15
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

The point at which the trachea bifurcates into 2 bronchi and until these bronchi enter the lungs and continue to branch forming progressively smaller airways.

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16
Q

Describe the size difference between the 2 bronchus?

A

The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left bronchus.

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17
Q

What happens to each bronchus after entering the lungs?

A

The right main bronchus divides into three lobar bronchi and the left main bronchus divides into two lobar bronchi.

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18
Q

What do the lobar bronchi divide into & what continues to happen?

A
  1. A tertiary bronchi
  2. Divides into smaller bronchi, which divide into smaller airways called bronchioles, which continue to divide and become progressively smaller.
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19
Q

What is the final division of the bronchioles and why are these important?

A

Terminal bronchioles

–> Important because they mark the end of the conductive portion of the respiratory system.

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20
Q

Why would there be smooth muscle in the walls of the terminal bronchioles?

A

Allows for regulation of airway constriction and dilation, thus controlling airflow into the lungs.

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21
Q

What happens to the epithelium when transitioning from conducting airways towards the sites of gas exchange?

A

Main bronchi = pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (i.e. respiratory epithelium).
Smaller bronchi & bronchioles = simple columnar epithelium
Terminal bronchioles = simple cuboidal epithelium.

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22
Q

What happens to the cartilage & smooth muscles when transitioning from conducting airways towards the sites of gas exchange?

A

Cartilage:
The incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea continue into the main bronchi to keep them open and then decrease in number and size as the bronchi divide, until they are absent in the bronchioles where they are no longer needed to keep the airways open.

Smooth muscle:
Complete rings of smooth muscle develop and increase in thickness as the bronchi divide, until the smooth muscle completely replaces the hyaline cartilage in the bronchioles.

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23
Q

Which primary bronchus (right or left) is more likely to ‘catch’ foreign objects?

A

Right (move vertical angle & greater diameter) make it easier for the right bronchus to catch foreign objects than the left bronchus.

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24
Q

Label the parts of the bronchial tree?

A
25
Q

What is the function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

This is where gas exchange occurs between the air in the lungs and the blood.

26
Q

Name the divisions that occur in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

Terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> smaller respiratory bronchioles –> over and over… –> very small airways (alveolar ducts)

27
Q

What unit of the lungs does gas exchange occur in?

A

Alveoli (singular = alveolus)

28
Q

Label the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs?

A
29
Q

Label the histology image of the lungs?

A
30
Q

Why is alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium?

A

Because it facilitates the diffusion of gases across their walls.

31
Q

Why would the alveoli be surrounded by pulmonary capillaries?

A
32
Q

Why do we find simple squamous epithelium in the lungs?

A

Because its thin, flat cells facilitate the rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the surrounding capillaries.

33
Q

What cells can be found within the alveoli walls?

A

Alveolar type 1 cells
Alveolar type 2 cells
Alveolar macrophages

34
Q

Label the alveoli image?

A
35
Q

What is the pleura?

A

The serous membrane surrounding the lungs.

36
Q

What does the pleura contain & label the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

An outer parietal layer
An inner visceral layer
A potential space in between them called the pleural cavity.

37
Q

Describe the function of the different parts of the pleura?

A

Parietal pleura:
It lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, the lateral walls of the mediastinum & the superior surface of the diaphragm.

Visceral pleura:
It lines the surface of the lungs.

Pleural cavity:
Contains a type of serous fluid called pleural fluid, which reduces friction during expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing.

38
Q

Describe the location of the lungs?

A

Located in the cavities on either side of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity.

39
Q

Describe the basic gross anatomy of the lungs?

A

Each lung has an apex, base, costal surface and medial surface.

40
Q

What is located on the medial surface of the lungs?

A

There is a central region called the hilum, where structures enter and exit the lung.

This is also referred to as the root of the lung.

41
Q

What structures enter and exit the hilum of the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, main bronchus, lymphatic vessels and nerves.

42
Q

How many lobes and fissures do the left and right lungs have?

A

Left lung:
2 lobes
1 fissure

Right lung:
3 lobes
2 fissures

43
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Deep grooves which split each lung into lobes.

44
Q

Label the fissures and lobes of the right lung?

A
45
Q

Label the fissure and lobes of the left lung?

A
46
Q

Why is there an indentation of the anterior border of the left lung & what is this indentation called?

A

Because the heart point towards the left.

Called the cardiac notch.

47
Q

How does deoxygenated blood move from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs?

A

R+L pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood from the heart to he lungs.

These arteries enter the lungs via the hilum and continue to branch until they reach the pulmonary capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

48
Q

How does oxygenated blood move from the lungs back to the heart?

A

These capillaries feed the oxygenated blood into pulmonary venules, which merge to form the pulmonary veins that exit the lungs at the hilum and return the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart.

49
Q

What supplies blood to the bronchi and lungs?

A

The bronchial arteries

50
Q

How does deoxygenated blood move from the lungs to the heart?

A

Bronchial veins then drain deoxygenated blood from these structures into a venous system in the thoracic cavity, which drains into the superior vena cava.

51
Q

Fill in the table of the structural and functional division of the respiratory system?

A
52
Q

Order the structure of the respiratory tract?

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

53
Q

Label the histology image of the tracheal wall and oesophagus?

A
54
Q

Label the histology image of the tracheal wall?

A
55
Q

What is the function of the pleural sac?

A
  1. To reduce friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing.
  2. To maintain negative pressure, which is essential for lung expansion.
56
Q

What would be a consequence of air entering the pleural cavity?

A

The collapse of the lung (pneumothorax).

57
Q

List the accessory muscles forced inhalation & forced exhalation?

A

Forced inhalation:
Sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor, erector spinae.

Forced exhalation:
External and internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdomins.

58
Q

Label the bronchial tree?

A
59
Q

Label the parts of the lungs from a medial view?

A

Introduction to Anatomy (41 decks)

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