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Sports Med > S2 review > Flashcards

S2 review Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones. (lay down callus during immobilization stage)

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2
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their re-absorbitive activity. (reshapes bone)

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3
Q

Green Stick Fracture

A

An incomplete fracture, it occurs on the convex surface of the bend on the bone.

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4
Q

Fissured fracture

A

An incomplete longitudinal break

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5
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

A complete fracture and fragments of the bones.

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6
Q

Transverse fracture

A

A complete fracture, break occurs at the right angle to the axis of the bone.

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7
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone.

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8
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Caused by twisting a bone excessively.

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9
Q

What are stress fractures and how to treat?

A

Tiny cracks in the bones caused by repetitive force/ overuse (commonly occur in weight bearing bones). Suspend activity, and gradually return. Cast not typically required.

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10
Q

What are dislocations and how to treat?

A

When a joint is forced outside of its normal and completely natural alignment. Must be manually or surgically put back into place or reduced.

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11
Q

What are subluxations, and how should they be treated?

A

Partial dislocation, the bone can be forced out of alignment but goes back into place. Commonly occurs in the shoulder joint or patella (knee cap). Reset the joint, administer pain relief, rehabilitation therapy, and, in severe cases, do surgery.

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12
Q

Ligaments

A

tissue that attaches bone to bone

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13
Q

tendons

A

tissue that connects muscle to bone

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14
Q

What structures are affected in a sprain

A

ligaments, joint capsule, or both.

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15
Q

What structures are affected in a strain

A

muscles or tendons

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16
Q

Different grades of sprains and strains

A

Grade 1: Mild, tissue is stretched
Grade 2: Moderate, involves stretching or some tearing of tissue
Grade 3: Severe, complete tearing of tissue

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17
Q

Muscle guarding

A

Voluntary muscle contractions that occur in response to pain following musculoskeletal injury. (often confused with a spasm)

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18
Q

Muscle cramps

A

painful involuntary contractions. Occurs in muscle groups that are overloaded and fatigued during high demand activities.

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19
Q

Muscle soreness

A

overexertion in strenuous exercise resulting in muscular pain. Occurs when individuals perform a physical activity to which they are unaccustomed.

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20
Q

Acute onset muscle soreness

A

(AOMS): accompanies fatigue, is transient and occurs during and immediately after exercise.

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21
Q

Delayed onset muscle soreness

A

(DOMS): is a syndrome of delayed muscle pain leading to increased muscle tension, swelling, stiffness, and resistance to stretching.

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22
Q

What are acute injuries?

A

An injury that occurs suddenly, such as a sprained ankle caused by an awkward landing.

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23
Q

What are chronic injuries

A

Chronic injuries are caused by repeated overuse of muscle groups or joints, such as tennis elbow.

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24
Q

Inflammatory phase (1st healing process of injury)

A

Happens immediately after injury, and is the most critical phase. Phagocytic cells clean up the mess created by the injury. Injured cells release chemicals that facilitate the healing process. Characterized by redness, swelling, tenderness, increased temperature, and loss of function. May last 2-4 days.

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25
Q

Fibrolastic repair phase (2nd healing process of injury)

A

Proliferative and regenerative activity leading to scar formation and repair of the injured tissue occurs. May last as long as 4-6 weeks. Athletes will still experience some tenderness and pain with certain movements.

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26
Q

Maturation remodeling phase (3rd healing process of injury)

A

Long term process, involves realignment of scar tissue according to tensile forces acting on the tissue. Collagen fibers that make up the scar realign to the position of maximum efficiency. (parallel to lines of tension) After 3 weeks a firm, strong, contracted, nonvascular scar exists. Maturation may take several years to totally complete.

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27
Q

Bones of skull

A

Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Frontal (1), Occipital (1), Ethmoid (1), Sphenoid (1)

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28
Q

Bones of face

A

Maxilla (2), Zygomatic (2), Mandible (1), Nasal (2), Platine (2), Inferior nasal concha (2), Lacrimal (2), Vomer (1)

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29
Q

Frontal lobe

A

It is responsible for cognitive functions such as attention, thinking, memory, reasoning and learning. It also inhibits autonomic and emotional responses.

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30
Q

Parietal lobe

A

It is mainly concerned with senses/sensations and coordination

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31
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

It processes the auditory information

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32
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

It interprets visual impulses, memorizes visual stimuli and helps in color visual orientation.

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33
Q

Olfactory (Cranial nerve)

A

Sense of smell

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34
Q

Optic (Cranial Nerve)

A

Ability to see

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35
Q

Oculomotor (Cranial Nerve)

A

Ability to blink and move your eyes

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36
Q

Trochlear (Cranial Nerve)

A

Ability to move eyes up, down, left, right, ect.

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37
Q

Trigeminal (Cranial nerve)

A

Sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movements

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38
Q

Abducens (Cranial nerve)

A

Ability to move your eyes

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39
Q

Facial (Cranial nerve)

A

Facial expressions and sense of taste

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40
Q

Vestibular (Cranial nerve)

A

Sense of hearing and balance

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41
Q

Glossopharyngeal (Cranial nerve)

A

Ability to taste and swallow

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42
Q

Vagus (Cranial Nerve)

A

Digestion and Heart Rate

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43
Q

Shoulder and neck muscle movement.

A

Shoulder and neck muscle movement.

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44
Q

Hypoglossal (Cranial Nerve) nerve

A

Ability to move your tongue

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45
Q

What is the acronym to remember the 12 Cranial nerves

A

Oh, Oh,Oh, To, Touch, And, Feel, Very, Green, Veggies, And, Honey.

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46
Q

Ecchymosis

A

A discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising. (Basically bruising)

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47
Q

Etiology

A

Cause, origin specifically : the cause of a disease or abnormal condition

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48
Q

MOI

A

Method Of Injury

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49
Q

SIgns

A

Any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed by others (for example a skin rash or lump)

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50
Q

S/S

A

Signs and Symptoms

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51
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective, that is, apparent only to the patient (for example back pain or fatigue)

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52
Q

TX

A

Treatment

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53
Q

Black Eye

A

MOI: Direct blow
S/S: Pain, ecchymosis, swelling but no visual impairment TX: RICE

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54
Q

Orbital Fracture

A

MOI:Direct blow
S/S: Pain, eyes don’t track together, sunken eye, bulging eye, diplopia (double vision)
TX: referral, eyepatch, surgery

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55
Q

Foreign Bodies in Eye

A

MOI: Something just gets in there
S/S: Itchy/pain,tearing, redness, see something on eye. TX: Eyewash or saline wash, manipulating eyelids, referral for object removal/antibiotics.

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56
Q

Corneal Abrasions

A

MOI: Athlete attempts to remove foreign object from eye by rubbing it, cornea becomes abraded.
S/S: severe pain, watering the eye, photophobia (light sensitivity), spasm of orbicularis muscle of eyelid.
TX: patch eye and refer athlete to a physician, antibiotic ointment prescribed by physician is applied, and a semi pressure patch is placed over the closed eyelid.

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57
Q

Subconjunctival hemorrhage:

A

MOI: blow to eye (white spaces), sneeze/cough
S/S: broken blood vessels in whites of eyes, painless
TX: usually will clear in 7-10 days, if problems then refer.

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58
Q

Conjunctivitis (Pink eye)

A

MOI: viral infection of the membrane lining the eyelid. Spread by allergens, dirty hands, or dirty contact lenses. S/S itch/redness, crusts, blurred vision, photophobia
TX: refer for antibiotics/medication, warm or cold compress for pain.

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59
Q

Detached Retina

A

MOI: blow to the head/eye, sneeze
S/S:sparks, floating or flashes of light, foggy vision, may feel that curtain falls over vision
TX: immediate referral.

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60
Q

Hyphema

A

MOI:Direct blow
S/S:blood within cornea/pupil, pain, red haze or loss of vision
TX: have victim lie down/ rest with head elevated, activate EAP.

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61
Q

Auricular hematoma (cauliflower ear)

A

MOI: friction, tugging on warm direct blow
S/S: fluid buildup under skin, deformity, tenderness
TX: RICE, referral for drainage.

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62
Q

Otitis externa (swimmer’s ear)

A

MOI: water trapped in ear
S/S: itch/pain, swelling in ear canal, hearing loss, dizziness
TX: OTC ear drops, referral for antibiotics, wear earplugs or thoroughly dry ears to prevent.

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63
Q

Rupture of the tympanic membrane

A

MOI: Fall or slap to the unprotected ear, sudden underwater pressure variation, abrupt change in pressure or on airplane.
S/S: Tinitus, hearing loss, pain, ear discharge
TX: usually heals on its own, do not fly until condition is resolved.

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64
Q

Otitis media (middle ear infection)

A

MOI: linked local and systemic infecton and inflammation.
S/S: intense pain in the ear, fluid drainage from the ear canal, transient hearing loss, and dizziness. Systemic infection may also cause a fever, headaches, irritability, loss of appetite, and nausea.
TX: FLuid withdrawal may be necessary to determine the appropriate antibiotics, nostalgics for pain, generally resolves in 24 hours, pain may last 72 hours.

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65
Q

Impacted cerumen

A

MOI: excessive earwax accumulation in the ear
S/S: degree of hearing loss that is usually muffled, generally little to no pain because no infection is involved.
TX: irrigate the canal with warm water, do not try to remove it with cotton tip applicator as it may increase the degree of impaction, and may need to be physically removed using a curette.

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66
Q

Epistaxis (nosebleed)

A

MOI: genetics, dry air, direct blown nose picking.
S/S: bleeding from nose
TX: lean forward pinching nose, nose plugs, ice, refrain from sneezing, snorting, or blowing nose after bleeding nose stops.

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67
Q

Deviated Septum

A

MOI: direct blow, genetics
S/S: cartilage between nostrils has shifted, decreased breathing through one nostril, increased chance for epistaxis, increased snoring and sleep apnea
TX: referral for care.

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68
Q

Nasal Fracture

A

MOI: DIrect blow, genetics
S/S: deformity, severe epistaxis, crepitus, deviated septum, raccoon eyes(two black eyes)
TX: refer for x-ray, wear mask to protect.

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69
Q

Mandible Fracture

A

MOI: direct blow
S/S: pain, Malocclusion(teeth don’t align), tongue blade test
TX: RICE, referral, check for concussion.

70
Q

Zygomatic complex fracture

A

MOI:direct blow to cheekbone
S/S deformity or bony discrepancy, nosebleed, diplopia, and numbness in cheek
TX: cold application to control edema and immediate referral to a physician, proper protective gear will be required upon return to play.

71
Q

Facial Laceration

A

MOI: direct impact to the face with a sharp object or by and indirect compressive force
S/S:pain, substantial bleeding and obvious tearing of the epidermis, dermis, and other the subcutaneous layer of skin
TX: suturing should be performed by a physician.

72
Q

Tooth Fractures

A

MOI: Direct trauma, impact to the jaw
(Uncomplicated, Complicated, Root)

73
Q

Uncomplicated tooth fracture

A

A small portion of the tooth is broken, no bleeding, and the pulp chamber is not exposed.

74
Q

Complicated tooth fracture

A

Portion of the tooth is broken, bleeding from the fracture, exposed pulp chamber, and a significant amount of pain.

75
Q

Root tooth fracture

A

Bleeding from the gum around the tooth, the crown of the tooth may be pushed back or loose.

76
Q

Tooth subluxation, luxation, and avulsion

A

MOI: direct blow, S/S tooth may be slightly loosened or totally dislodged,

77
Q

Tooth Subluxation

A

Subluxation: S/S: tooth is only loose with little or no pain
TX: the athlete should be referred to a dentist within 48 hours for evaluation.

78
Q

Tooth Luxation

A

S/S: There is no fracture but the tooth is very loose and has moved either forward or an extruded position or backward to an intruded position.
TX: the tooth should be moved back to its normal position only if it is easy to move. Athletes should be referred to a dentist if it is not possible to put the tooth back in its normal position.

79
Q

Tooth Avulsion

A

S/S: The tooth is knocked completely out of the mouth
TX: it is safe to try and re-implant the tooth, and it can be rinsed off but should never be scraped or scrubbed to get dirt off. It the tooth cannot be re-implanted it should be stored in a “save a tooth” kit or in milk or saline. Athletes should be referred to a dentist immediately.

80
Q

Injuries to the throat

A

MOI: direct blow to the throat, could result in trauma to carotid artery (clotting)
S/S: severe pain and spasmodic coughing, hoarse voice, and difficulty in swallowing. Fracture of the larynx may be indicated by an inability to breathe and expectoration of frothy blood.

81
Q

Skull Fractures

A

MOI:
S/S: Possible head deformity, possible bleeding, battle’s sign, possible traumatic brain injury, leaking of cerebrospinal fluid, otorrhea, rhinorrhea.
TX: minimize movement if c-spine involvement is suspected, treatment for TBI, monitor vitals/condition, bleeding control, refer or activate EMS depending on severity.

82
Q

second impact syndrome

A

A second concussion/TBI occurring before signs/symptoms,brian trauma of initial concussion has resolved, causes cumulative damage, extremely dangerous because bleeding adds to existing damage. Prevention: report any TBI and remove players from activity until its safe to return. TX: hospitalization and neurosurgical management.

83
Q

Post-concussion syndrome

A

occurs when symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury last longer than expected after an injury. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory.TX:focused rehabilitation in the areas that you need to strengthen.

84
Q

Concussion symptoms

A

Loss of consciousness, Headache that’s getting worse, lasts for a long time, or is severe, Confusion, Extreme sleepiness or trouble waking up, Vomiting, Weakness, numbness, or trouble walking or talking

85
Q

Return to play protocol for concussion

A

All symptoms from the concussion have resolved. Athletes are no longer on medication to reduce symptoms. Athletes must be performing at their pre-injury academic level. Then a gradual return to activity may take place.

86
Q

SOAP (S)

A

Subjective: Anything that the patient can communicate to medical professionals about his or her condition is placed in the S, or subjective, section.

87
Q

SOAP (O)

A

In this section, medical professionals record what they can observe through tests, touch, and measurements regarding the patient’s condition

88
Q

SOAP (A)

A

The third section is the A, or assessment, section. In this section, medical professionals use what they have found in the previous two sections to make a diagnosis of what is wrong with the patient.

89
Q

SOAP (P)

A

The last section is the P, or plan, section. In this section, medical professionals plan the course of treatment based on the diagnosis.

90
Q

HOPS (H)

A

History: Involves asking questions to help determine the mechanism of injury to access the injury

91
Q

HOPS (O)

A

Observation: Compare the non hurt to the injury, look for bleeding, deformity, swelling,discoloration,scars, and other signs of trauma

92
Q

HOPS (P)

A

Palpation: The athletic trainer should find the severe pain and needs to be evaluated.

93
Q

HOPS (S)

A

Special tests: The athletic trainer is looking for instability, disability, and pain.

94
Q

List all the bones that make up the foot, ankle, and lower leg:

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms, metatarsals. phalanges

95
Q

List the ligaments of the ankle:

A

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATF), Calcaneofibular (CF), Posterior talofibular (PTF), Deltoid, Anterior tibiofibular (ATF).

96
Q

Arches of the Foot

A

Metatarsal arch (1st-5th metatarsal), Transverse (across the transverse tarsal bones), medial longitudinal (medial border of the calcaneus and to 1st metatarsal, lateral longitudinal arch (same pattern of the medial longitudinal arch)

97
Q

ROM of toes and ankle

A

Toes: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.
Foot/ankle: Inversion, eversion, plantarflexion, dorsiflexion

98
Q

muscles in ankle and lower leg:

A

Posterior: Gastrocnemius, soleus
Anterior: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis, extensor digitorum longus
Medial: Tibialis posterior, Flexor Digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
Lateral:Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis

99
Q

Inversion (lateral ankle sprain)(ATF):

A

Most common and results in injury to the lateral ligaments.
MOI: PF and inversion, Special tests: Anterior drawer test
S/S: pain, swelling, bursitis, and restricted ROM. TX:RICE, and restrict movement/pressure

100
Q

Eversion (Medial ankle sprain)(Deltoid)

A

MOI: DF, Special tests:Talar tilt eversion
S/S: swelling, tenderness, pain, loss of motion, loss of function, and possibly an unstable joint
TX: RICE

101
Q

Syndesmotic (High ankle sprains)(ATF)

A

Often injured in conjunction with other ligaments, and is extremely hard to treat and may take months to heal. MoI: forced hyper-dorsiflexion and ER of the foot, twisting on a planted foot.
Special tests: Kleiger’s test.
S/S:pain that radiates up your leg from the ankle. TX:RICE, crutches.

102
Q

Acute muscle strains

A

MOI: violent contraction/twisting of foot, awkward landing.
S/S: pain with ROM or PROM, possible pain with WB, swelling or crepitus.
TX: RICE. taping or bracing, monitor for acute compartment syndrome.

103
Q

Achilles tendon strain/rupture

A

MOI: violent acton when tendon is flexed
S/S: pain, inability to PF, feels like kicked in calf, and thompson test.
TX: RICE, referral if rupture is suspected.

104
Q

Dislocations

A

MOI: traction or twisting.
S/S: deformity, possible FX, inability to move extremity. TX:Immobilize with a splint, monitor dorsal pedal pulse, referral for reduction or activate EAP.

105
Q

Acute Fractures

A

MOI: direct trauma, twisting, similar to ankle sprains:inversion and eversion forces.
S/S: point tenderness over bone, athlete is apprehensive when trying to bear weight. TAP test/bump test, calf squeeze or compression.
TX: splint, prepare to activate EAP if open fx or signs of shock, refer for an x-ray, short walking cast for 6 weeks, rehab is generally the same as an ankle sprain.

106
Q

Tibial and fibular fractures

A

MOI: direct trauma to the area, or indirect trauma (combination rotary/compressive force).
S/S: (tibia) immediate pain, swelling, possible deformity, may be opened or closed; (fibula) usually closed, pain, point tenderness on palpation and with ambulation.

107
Q

Tibial and fibular stress fractures

A

MOI: repeating loading during training and conditioning at a higher rate than fibular stress fractures, shoes, faulty foot and ankle biomechanics.
S/S: athlete’s percentage of pain with activity that sometimes becomes worse when activity is stopped, focal point tenderness on the bone.
TX: refer to a physician for diagnosis, 2 weeks FWB but no activities, gradual resumption of activity.

108
Q

Tendonitis/tendonosis

A

MOI:forceful or violent motions
S/S: pain or tenderness along a tendon.
TX:RICE

109
Q

Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)

A

MOI: when there is irritation where the calf muscles attach to the shin bone. It can also occur when running on a slanted surface or downhill, or when someone participates in a sport with frequent starts and stops. S/S: Aching or dull pain down the front of one or both legs. Shins that are painful to the touch, Pain that worsens during or after exercise, Pain that improves with rest.
TX: RICE and NSAIDS

110
Q

Shin contusions

A

MOI: direct blow to shin
S/S: pain and tenderness, swelling, hard lump, change of color.
TX:RICE

111
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

MOI: an injury or repeated stress causes swelling and bleeding inside a muscle compartment. If the pressure builds too much, your muscles press against the fascia that holds them in place.
S/S:pain in muscle, feeling of pressure, difficulty moving affected part, swelling.
TX:Fasciotomy (surgery)

112
Q

Achilles tendonitis/tendonosis

A

MOI: repetitive or intense strain on the Achilles tendon. S/S:Pain in the heel and along the length of the tendon when walking or running, Pain and stiffness in the area in the morning, Pain in the achilles tendon when touched or moved, Swelling and warmth in the heel

113
Q

Wrist Strain

A

MOI: Wrist hyperflexion/hyperextension, Repetitive stress
S/S: P! over area, Swelling, Limited/painful ROM, ↓ Grip strength
Tx: RICE, Rehab to restore ROM and strength, Tape.

114
Q

Wrist sprain

A

MOI: FOOSH, Forceful twisting motion
S/S: P!, ↓ ROM,↓ Strength, Swelling
Tx:RICE, Rehab to restore ROM and strength, Tape.

115
Q

Thumb Sprain

A

Also known as “Gamekeeper’s Thumb” or “Skier’s Thumb” and is an Injury to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the thumb
MOI: Forced abduction
S/S: P! over 1st MCP joint, Swelling, Loss of ROM and grip strength
Tx: Ice, Splint, X-ray to r/o avulsion fx.

116
Q

Finger Sprain

A

Also known as a “jammed finger” Injury to the collateral ligament of an IP joint
MOI:Axial force (impact to the tip of the finger)
S/S: P!, Swelling, Discoloration, ↓ ROM
Tx: Ice, Splint, Buddy tape.

117
Q

Radial/ulnar fracture

A

Colles’ fracture = fx of the distal radius
MOI: FOOSH, Direct blow
S/S: Severe p!, Deformity, Possible crack that is heard or felt, Loss of function in the wrist and hand
Tx: RICE, Splint, Refer for x-ray.

118
Q

Carpal Fracture

A

Scaphoid = most commonly fractured carpal bone
MOI: FOOSH (compression), Forceful wrist hyperextension S/S: P!, P.t. over anatomical snuffbox, Swelling, Numbness, Loss of wrist and finger flexion.
Tx: RICE, Refer for x-ray, Possible complication: avascular necrosis.

119
Q

Carpal Dislocation

A

Lunate = most commonly dislocated carpal bone
MOI: FOOSH, Hyperextension
S/S: P!, Swelling, Numbness, Loss of ROM
Tx: RICE, Refer for x-ray/reduction.

120
Q

Metacarpal fracture

A

MOI: Direct blow, Compression, Twisting
S/S: P!, Swelling, Depressed MCP joint, Loss of ROM and grip strength
Tx: RICE, Splint, Refer for x-ray.

121
Q

Phalanx Fracture

A

MOI: Axial blow to the tip of the finger
S/S: P!, Rapid swelling, Loss of ROM and grip strength, Discoloration
Tx: RICE, Splint, Refer for x-ray.

122
Q

Phalanx dislocation

A

MOI: forceful impact causes one bone to move forward and another bone to move back
S/S: P!, Deformity, Loss of ROM
Tx: Reduction by ATC or physician, Ice, Splint, Buddy tape, Complications: possible fx or ligament injury.

123
Q

Carpal Tunnel syndrome

A

MOI: Inflammation of the tendons passing through the carpal tunnel leads to compression of the median nerve, Repeated wrist flexion
S/S: P!Paresthesia, Muscle weakness (thumb, index, and middle fingers)
Tx: Ice, NSAIDs, Immobilization, Surgery may be indicated if symptoms don’t decrease.

124
Q

Wrist tendonitis

A

MOI: Chronic injury caused by repetitive wrist flexion, Often occurs in racquet or rowing sports
S/S: P! with AROM or PROM, ↓ muscle strength
Tx: Rest, Ice, Splint or pad, Rehab to ↑ flexibility and strength

125
Q

Wrist ganglion cyst

A

MOI: Repeated forced hyperextension of the wrist
S/S Generally appear on the back of the wrist, Occasional pain and a lump at the site, Pain increases with wrist extension
TX: Old method: break down the swelling through distal pressure and then apply a pressure pad to encourage healing, New approach includes: aspiration and chemical cauterization, with subsequent application of a pressure pad, Surgical removal is the most effective way.

126
Q

Mallet finger

A

MOI: Blow from a thrown ball that strikes the tip of the finger, jamming and avulsing the extensor tendon from its insertion.
S/S: Pain at the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP), X-ray shows a bony avulsion from the dorsal proximal distal phalanx, Inability to extend the finger (carrying it at a 30-degree angle), Point tenderness at the sight of the injury
TX: POLICE for the pain and swelling, If there is no fracture, the distal phalanx should immediately be splinted in a position of extension 24 hours a day for a period of 6 to 8 weeks.

127
Q

Boutonniere deformity

A

MOI: Rupture of the extensor tendon over the middle phalanx, Trauma to the tip of the finger forces the DIP joint into extension and PIP into flexion
S/S: Severe pain and inability to extend the DIP joint, Swelling, point tenderness, and an obvious deformity TX: Cold application, followed by splinting of the PIP joint, Splinting must be continued for 5–8 weeks, Athlete is encouraged to flex the distal phalanx.

128
Q

Jersey Finger

A

MOI: Rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon from its insertion on distal phalanx, Often occurs in the ring finger when the athlete tries to grab a jersey of an opponent
S/S: DIP joint cannot be flexed, and the finger remains extended, P! and p.t. over the distal phalanx
TX: Must be surgically repaired, Rehabilitation requires 12 weeks, and there is often poor gliding of the tendon, with the possibility of re-rupture.

129
Q

Subungual Hematoma

A

MOI: Contusion of the distal finger
S/S: Blood accumulation in the nail bed, Gentle pressure on the nail produces considerable pain, Bluish-purple discoloration
TX: Ice pack should be applied immediately, and the hand should be elevated to decrease bleeding, Drill a small hole in the nail bed within 12–24 hours to relieve pressure, Should be performed under sterile conditions by a physician, May need to be repeated because of additional blood accumulation.

130
Q

Ice packs

A

Flaked or crushed ice in a towel or plastic bag
Apply for 15-20 minutes combined with RICE

131
Q

Ice massage

A

Paper cup filled with frozen water to from an ice cylinder
Rub or massage directly over area until skin becomes bright pink- usually for 7-10 min

132
Q

Cold water immersion

A

Whirlpool, bucket or container filled with mixture of water and ice- temp- 55-65 degrees F
Immersion for 10-20 minutes- great for hands, feet and ankles

133
Q

Vapocoolant spray

A

Cold spray of chemicals sprayed on surface of skin to freeze it
Treat myofascial pain and trigger point, usually combined with stretching.
Effects are superficial and temporary.

134
Q

Cryotherapy Indications

A

Acute sprains, strains, contusions, spasms, inflammation

135
Q

Cryotherapy Contrindications

A

Circulatory disturbances, hypersensitivity, prolonged application over superficial nerves.

136
Q

Cryotherapy psycological effects

A

Decrease in tissue temperature, Decrease in blood flow, Decrease in muscle spasms, Decrease in pain perception, Decrease muscle fatigue, Decrease metabolic rate.

137
Q

Thermotherapy Commercial packs

A

Hydrocollator Packs, Silicate gel in a cotton pad immersed in 170 degrees of hot water, Apply 15-20 minutes, Layers of towels are used between packs and the skin to avoid burning. As packs cool, remove towels,Deep tissues are not significantly heater.

138
Q

Cryotherapy Whirlpool bath

A

Cold - 55 degrees F, Neutral - 92-96 degrees F, Warm- 96-98 degree F and Hot - 98-104 degrees F, Reduces swelling, muscle spasm and pain and active movement is also assisted, should not exceed 20 min.

139
Q

Contrast baths

A

One unit holding hot water at 105-110 degrees F (for example: a whirlpool), One unit holding cold water at 50-65 degrees F (for example: a bucket)

140
Q

Paraffin baths

A

Paraffin and mineral oil that is kept at 125-130 degrees F in a controlled unit, Provide superficial heat to angular, bony areas of the body (hands, feet, wrists), Sustains heat which increases circulation and decreases pain in affected area.

141
Q

Ultrasound therapy

A

Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves, Sound energy causes molecules in the tissues to vibrate, thus producing heat and mechanical energy, 1mHz is the frequency used when heating is needed for deep tissue, 3mHz is the frequency used when heating is needed for areas with minimal soft tissue coverage, Nerve tissue is twice as sensitive to ultrasound than muscles.

142
Q
A

Conduction, heat transfer occurs between objects by direct contact.
Convection, the heat transfer takes place within the fluid.
Radiation, heat transfer occurs through electromagnetic waves without involving particles
Conversion: heating that occurs when nonthermal energy (e.g., mechanical, electrical) is absorbed into tissue and transformed into heat

143
Q

Thermotherapy psycological effects

A

Decrease muscle spasm, Decrease pain perception, Increased blood flow.

144
Q

Thermotherapy Contrindications

A

An area of loss of loss of sensation, Immediately after an injury, An area where there is decreased arterial circulation, Eyes and genitals.

145
Q

Electrotherapy Purpose

A

Control pain, Exercise muscle tissue to decrease atrophy, Encourage circulation, Increase tissue temperature, Encourage breakdown of adhesions, Reeducate muscles.

146
Q

Electrotherapy Contraindications

A

Pacemakers, Pregnancy, When muscle contractions are not wanted, Non-united fractures, Areas of active bleeding, Near malignancies.

147
Q

Soft tissue immobilization effects

A

Stimulating cell metabolism, Increasing venous flow and lymphatic drainage, Increase circulation and nutrition, Stretches superficial scar tissue, Relaxes muscle Tissue

148
Q

Soft tissue immobilization methods (Effleurage)

A

Superficial or deep stroking with the heels and palms of the hand

149
Q

Soft tissue immobilization methods (Petrissage)

A

Kneading, hold soft tissue between the thumb and forefinger and alternately roll, lift, twist to loosen tissue

150
Q

Soft tissue immobilization methods (Tapotement)

A

Cupping, hacking, pinching, and percussive movements

151
Q

Soft tissue immobilization methods (vibration)

A

Trembling, forward and backward movement, rapid shaking of tissue by hand or machine

152
Q

Soft tissue immobilization methods (friction)

A

Pressure across muscle or tendons. Fingers and thumbs move in circular patterns, stretching underlying tissue.

153
Q

Soft tissue immobilization Contrindications

A

Acute injuries, Hemorrhaging, Infection, Thromboses, Nerve damage, Skin disease, Possibility of calcification.

154
Q

Rehab goals

A

To be realistic and reasonable, achieve results safely without harm to athletes

155
Q

Isometric exercise

A

no movement of joint

156
Q

Isotonic exercises

A

joint is moved through a ROM against the resistance of a fixed weight

157
Q

Isokinetic exercise

A

Exercise where there is variable resistance and where the speed of the motion is set.

158
Q

Plyometrics

A

A variety of exercises that utilize explosive movements to increase athletic POWER

159
Q

Manual resistance

A

A provider adjusts the speed of movement and resistance to that best suited to the athlete’s needs to a machine.

160
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Concentric exercises are related to positive work, The muscle shortens as the weight is lifted.

161
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Eccentric exercise is related to negative work, Muscle lengthens or is forcibly stretched while the weight is lowered.

162
Q

Open/closed chain exercise

A

Exercise when distal segment is not fixed and is freely moving in space

163
Q

Phase 1 of rehab (Acute)

A

First 48-72 hours, Decrease pain, swelling, and inflammation, Increase ROM, and control pain, Maintain cardiovascular conditioning.

164
Q

Phase 2 of rehab (sub-acute)

A

72 hours to about 2 weeks after injury, inflammation is decreasing and tissue is being repaired.

165
Q

Phase 3 of rehab (intermediate)

A

Lasts up to 6 months, Tissue is repairing, changing, and remodeling to restore function.

166
Q

Documents to be found in an ATR

A

Documents that define rules, policies, division of responsibilities,and emergency action plans.

167
Q

HIPPA

A

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a federal law that requires the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient’s consent or knowledge.

168
Q

FERPA

A

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is a federal law that affords parents the right to have access to their children’s education records, the right to seek to have the records amended, and the right to have some control over the disclosure of personally identifiable information from the education.

169
Q

Capital equipment

A

remains in healthcare facilities, expensive, like cabinets.

170
Q

Non-expendable items

A

items that may be removed from the room but are reusable, foam roller/rolling cooler

171
Q

expendable items

A

single uses items, like band-aids or lotion.

Sports Med (6 decks)

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