17-01-22 - Introduction to the Limbs Flashcards
At what week of embryonic does the formation of muscles begin?
- Muscle formation starts at week 4 of embryonic development
How does the formation of muscles process occur?
- Specialised cells migrate from somites and the lateral plate mesoderm
- Limb buds form from sclerotome, dermatome and myotomes, which will develop into limbs
What are the 3 different types of muscles?
- The 3 different types of muscle are skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles
What do skeletal muscles require to bring about movement?
- To bring about movement, skeletal muscles must attach to 2 bones that are connected to each other by a mobile/semi-mobile joint
- Skeletal muscles need at least 2 points of attachment
- These attachments are usually referred to as the origin and the insertion
What is the origin?
The origin is usually the proximal end of the muscle, which remains fixed/less mobile during muscular contraction
What is the insertion?
The insertion is usually the distal end of the muscle, which is movable
What can knowing the origin and the insertion indicate?
- Knowing the origin and insertion of a muscle, the kind of movement the contraction of this muscle brings about can be identified
What occurs when muscle contraction is stimulated?
- When muscle contraction is stimulated, the 2 ends of the muscle at the point of attachment (origin and insertion) will try and move closer to each other
What direction does the muscle contraction usually occur in? Why is this?
- When muscles contract and shorten, they usually shorten in the insertion to origin direction, as the origin is less mobile, though some muscles can shorten in both directions in different circumstances
What are the 2 different types of muscle contraction?
1) Isometric contraction
2) Isotonic contraction
What occurs during isometric contraction?
muscle tone changes (muscle length not changed)
What occurs during isotonic contraction?
muscle length changes (muscle tone not changed)
What is the prime mover?
Muscles(s) that play the primary role in moving a body part
What is fascia?
- Facia is connective tissue underneath skin and around muscles
How does deep fascia separate muscles into compartments?
- Deep fascia sends septae (intermuscular septae) between the muscles to separate them into compartments
What compartments are formed in the arm by intermuscular septae?
- The intermuscular septae divide the arm into an anterior (mostly flexor muscles) and a posterior (mostly extensor muscles) muscular compartment
Why is deep fascia of the lower limb thicker than deep fascia of the upper limb?
What is deep fascia of the thigh called?
How does it compare medially and laterally?
What is this called?
How is the thigh divided into 3 muscular compartments?
- Deep fascia of the lower limb is thicker than that of the upper limb as the muscles need to compress the veins during contraction for the venous blood to return to the heart against gravity (acts like a muscle pump)
- Deep fascia of the thigh is called fascia lata
- The fascia lata is thicker laterally, in the form of the iliotibial tract
- The fascia lata sends septae to divide the thigh into:
- Anterior (mainly extensor muscles)
- Medial (mainly adductor muscles)
- Posterior (mainly flexor muscles) muscular compartments
What is the deep fascia of the leg called?
What does the deep fascia of the leg form?
How does the crural fascia divide the leg into 4 muscular compartments?
- Deep fascia in the leg is continuous and as it goes from the thigh to the leg, it changes from fascia lata to crural fascia
- The crural fascia fuses with the tibia (medial long bone of the leg) as it is very superficial with no muscle
- The crural fascia of the leg forms the interosseal (IO) membrane
- The crural fascia of the leg sends septae to divide th leg into:
- Anterior (primarily extensor muscles)
- 2 Posterior (superficial and deep flexor)
- Lateral (peritoneal) muscular compartments