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Immunology (Part Two) > 18b - Hypersensitivities > Flashcards

18b - Hypersensitivities Flashcards

1
Q

Allergy:

A

-localized
-not (usually) immediately life threatening
-result of IgE production to an antigen (allergen)

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2
Q

Local type 1 events: antigens (allergens) may be:

A

-inhaled
-ingested
-percutaneous exposure

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3
Q

Site of symptoms for allergies:

A

-do NOT always relate to site of exposure
Ex. most allergens result in skin manifestations no matter the route of entry

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4
Q

Histological lesions of allergies:

A

-edema
-infiltration of mast cells
-eosinophils

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5
Q

Degranulation of mast cells in skin (allergic disease) result in:

A

-vasodilation
-edema
-inflammation

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6
Q

Clinical feature of allergy of skin:

A

-pruritis=severe itching of skin

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7
Q

Wide range of allergens:

A

-aeroallergies (dust mists, pollens, moulds)
-ectoparasites
-food
-drugs

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8
Q

Variety of conditions from allergies in skin:

A

*30% of all canine skin disease
-Urticaria/Angioedema
-atopic dermatitis
-flea allergy dermatitis
-eosinophilic granuloma complex (cat)

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9
Q

Urticaria:

A

-‘hives’
-acute local manifest as wheals
>lesions confined to the dermis

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10
Q

Angioedema:

A

-more generalized dermal edema
>may progress to involve subcutaneous tissue
>may progress to anaphylaxis

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11
Q

Atopic dermatitis:

A

-respond with IgE to variety of allergens (antigens)
-most frequent in house dust mites
-provoked by food, environmental antigens
*predisposed by genetics
-complicated by secondary infections and or flea allergies
*IL-31

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12
Q

Sensitization exposure for atopic dermatitis:

A

-usually percutaneous

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13
Q

Clinical signs of atopic dermatitis:

A

-chronically inflamed and itchy skin
-pruritus
-self trauma

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14
Q

Chronic itching mediated by:

A

-mediators released by resident skin cells
>bind directly to itch-specific receptors that are linked to specific areas of the brain

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15
Q

Itch-specific receptors:

A

-pruriceptors

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16
Q

Itch mediators:

A

-histamine
-some prostaglandins
-leukotrienes
-some neuropeptides
*IL-31

17
Q

IL-31 when released into skin of mice:

A

-causes intense itching similar to that seen in atopic dermatitis

18
Q

IL-31: atopic dermatitis

A

-activates bronchial epithelial cells
>plays a major role in respiratory allergies

19
Q

IL-31 produced by:

A

-Th2 cells and mast cells in response to antimicrobial peptides

20
Q

Flea allergy dermatitis:

A

-similar to atopic dermatitis
-causative antigens: components of flea saliva
-may also involve type IV reactions

21
Q

Most important predisposing factor to flea allergy dermatitis:

A

-repeated exposure to fleas

22
Q

Clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis:

A

-pruritis
-self-trauma
-secondary infections

23
Q

Other arthropods causing type I reactions:

A

-mosquitoes
-canine eosinophilic furunculosis

24
Q

Food allergy IgE responses:

A

-GI signs: diarrhea/vomiting (10-15%)
-pruritic dermatitis

25
Q

Food allergy signs:

A

-typically in 4-24 hours of (re) exposure
>symptoms mild to severe

26
Q

Most common antigens of food allergy:

A

-protein rich foods
*diagnosed by response to exclusion diets/symptoms on reintroduction

27
Q

Dogs common food antigens:

A

-wheat
-beef
-soy
-fish
-chicken
-dairy products

28
Q

Pigs common food antigens:

A

-fishmeal
-alfalfa

29
Q

Horses common food antigens:

A

-wild oats
-alfalfa
-clover

30
Q

Food allergies may be associated with:

A

-IgA deficiency
>failure of immune exclusion of dietary antigens

31
Q

Allergic rhinitis/asthma:

A

-dyspnea from immediate effects of edema and bronchoconstriction
-second phase with infiltration of eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
*Type I rection to mold

32
Q

Allergic rhinitis/astsma occurs in:

A

-cattle
-cats
-component of COPD of horses (or Heaves)

33
Q

Treatment of allergies:

A

-avoid
-treat secondary infections
-anti-inflammatory agents to prevent mast cell degranulation
-anti-pruritus agents
-hyposensitization

34
Q

Anti-pruritus agents:

A

-anti-IL31 monoclonal Abs
-Apoquel (oclacinib)

35
Q

Apoquel:

A

-decreased proinflammatory cytokines by JAK1 inhibition (signalling pathway of itching)

36
Q

Hyposensitization:

A

-repeated injection of allergen subcutaneously at increasing doses
-promotes switch to Th1 cytokines and IgG response
-50-80% effective in dogs
>most require lifelong therapy (injection for maintenance every 2-4 weeks)

Immunology (Part Two) (18 decks)

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