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History - Health > 19th Century > Flashcards

19th Century Flashcards

1
Q

What is smallpox?

A

A contagious disease caused by the variola virus.

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2
Q

When did the World Health Organisibation declare smallpox eradicated?

A

1980

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3
Q

What percentage of people died who caught smallpox?

A

Between 30-60 percent

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4
Q

Why was smallpox so feared by the public?

A

Because it left people blind and scarred.

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5
Q

Which queen died of smallpox in 1694?

A

Queen Mary

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6
Q

What did people think caused smallpox?

A

Miasma

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7
Q

Who invented vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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8
Q

What practice/idea did Lady Mary Montagu bring back from a holiday in Istanbul in 1792?

A

Inoculation

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9
Q

What process does this describe: the introduction of a weakened version of a pathogen, so that the immune response is triggered and the body is prepared to fight the actual pathogen if necessary

A

Vaccination

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10
Q

In what year was a cure for smallpox found?

A

1798

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11
Q

When did the government make the eradication of smallpox a priority?

A

1853

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12
Q

What was the population of Britain in 1801?

A

16 million

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13
Q

What was the population of Britain in 1901?

A

41 million

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14
Q

What revolution changed the way people lived between the years 1750-1900?

A

The Industrial Revolution

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15
Q

What two word French term best sums up government attitudes in 19th Century?

A

laissez faire’

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16
Q

What did Louis Pasteur prove?

A

The Germ Theory

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17
Q

When did Louis Pasteur published his theory?

A

1861

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18
Q

What was important about Pasteurs work?

A

the idea that disease is spread by tiny organisms he called germs

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19
Q

What disease occurred in Lincoln in 1905?

A

Thyphoid

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20
Q

Why was there an epidemic in Lincoln in 1905?

A

bad water supply, governing body did things on the cheap, raw sewage in the water, increasing population

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21
Q

What diseases did Robert Koch work on? Name two

A

Diptheria, Anthrax, TB, Cholera

22
Q

Who developed the idea of ‘magic bullets’?

A

Paul Ehrlich

23
Q

Give 2 reasons why rapid urbanisation caused disease?

A

poor housing, cellar living, overcrowding, no access to clean water, no sewage systems

24
Q

What did the ‘magic bullet Salvarsan treat?

A

Syphilis

25
Q

When was the first cholera epidemic in Britain?

A

1831-32

26
Q

Where did the first Cholera epidemic take place in Britain?

A

Sunderland

27
Q

Who published a Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population in 1842?

A

Edwin Chadwick

28
Q

Why was the first Public Health Act not good enough?

A

Because it was not enforced/compulsory

29
Q

In what year was the first Public Health Act passed?

A

1848

30
Q

In what year was the second Public Health Act passed?

A

1875

31
Q

What percentage of volunteers (in some towns) for the Boer War were found to be unfit for service in 1899?

A

90%

32
Q

In what decade did the the Crimean War occur?

A

1850s

33
Q

How did Florence Nightingale help the medical profession?

A

By improving the hygiene in hospitals and making nursing professional.

34
Q

What is laudanum?

A

A common cure in 19th Century made from 90% alcohol and 10% opium.

35
Q

What great painkiller went on sale in 1899?

A

Aspirin

36
Q

What is the Lancet?

A

A medical journal

37
Q

What body was set up in 1858 to oversee the medical profession as a result of scandals?

A

The General Medical Council

38
Q

What was the mortality rate as a percentage from surgery in 1800?

A

40%

39
Q

What was the mortality rate as a percentage from surgery in 1900?

A

10%

40
Q

Which female pioneer led the way for women to become doctors?

A

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

41
Q

What was unique about the New Hospital for Women and Children set up in 1872?

A

Was staffed by women. Only admitted women and boys up to the age of 7.

42
Q

Who were the ‘Edinburgh Seven’?

A

The first group of matriculated undergraduate female students at any British university. They began studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1869 and, although the Court of Session ruled that they should never have been admitted, and they did not graduate or qualify as doctors, the campaign they fought gained national attention and won them many supporters, including Charles Darwin. Their campaign put the demands of women for a university education on the national political agenda, and eventually resulted in legislation to ensure that women could be licensed to practice medicine in 1876.

43
Q

What does anaesthetic mean?

A

a drug that makes the body unable to feel pain.

44
Q

What does antiseptic mean?

A

opposing microbial infection
especially : preventing or inhibiting the growth or action of microorganisms (such as bacteria) in or on living tissue

45
Q

What is a bacillus?

A

a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria.

46
Q

What does the word sterile mean?

A

free from any viable life that has the potential to spread dangerous diseases from person to person.

47
Q

What is a cesspit?

A

a pit for the disposal of liquid waste and sewage.

48
Q

What does the word epidemic mean?

A

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

49
Q

What does the word immunisation mean?`

A

the action of making a person or animal resistant to a particular infectious disease or pathogen, typically by vaccination.

50
Q

Why did some surgeons believe that pain relief was not necessary during operations?

A

Some people in the Church argued that pain in childbirth was sent by God, so using anaesthetics for women in labour was interfering with God’s will. It has also been assumed that in order to cope with such challenges, surgeons developed a culture of dispassion and emotional detachment.

History - Health (7 decks)

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