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Question 1

Name 4 human sources of physical barriers to disease.

Answer 1

4 human sources of physical barriers to disease are: wearing masks in public places, cancelling public events, health education and mass vaccination.

Question 2

In general, the probability of a contagious disease spreading to an area is…

Answer 2

In general, the probability of a contagious disease spreading to an area is inversely proportional to distance from its source.

Question 3

Name 3 examples of physical barriers.

Answer 3

Physical barriers may include: mountain ranges, oceans, and deserts.

Question 4

What are physical barriers?

Answer 4

Physical barriers are geographical structures that block or prevent the diffusion of a disease.

Question 5

What is Hägerstrand’s ‘logistic/ s-shaped curve’?

Answer 5

Hägerstrand’s ‘logistic/ s-shaped curve’ shows that overtime, there will be a slow and gradual rise in the percentage of people infected by a disease. The percentage will then accelerate rapidly; then tail off and slow to an end when the most susceptible people have been infected.

Question 6

What is Hägerstrand’s ‘neighbourhood effect’?

Answer 6

Hägerstrand’s ‘neighbourhood effect’ states that the probability of contact with a carrier of a disease is determined by a 5km x 5km population density. People living in close proximity have a higher chance of contracting the disease.

Question 7

What are the 3 concepts within Hägerstrand’s disease diffusion model?

Answer 7

The 3 concepts within Hägerstrand’s disease diffusion model were: the neighbourhood effect, the logistic/ s-shaped curve, and physical barriers.

Question 8

Who is Torsten Hägerstrand?

Answer 8

Torsten Hägerstrand was a Swedish geographer known for researching the distribution of farming subsidies in rural Sweden. His model can be applied to contagious disease diffusion (only).

Question 9

What factors are thought to be the cause of premature death from CVD?

Answer 9

Lifestyle choices, such as: tobacco consumption, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity are all thought to be linked to premature death from CVD.

Question 10

How many deaths is CVD responsible for each year? What percent occur in lower and middle income countries?

Answer 10

CVD is responsible for 17 million deaths a year, with 80% occurring in low and middle income countries.

Question 11

Why is CVD so common in ACs?

Answer 11

Because CVD’s incidence rises steeply with age, CVD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in ageing populations in higher income countries.

Question 12

What is CVD?

Answer 12

CVD (cardiovascular disease) is a non-communicable disease that covers a range of illnesses, including: coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension and angina.

Question 13

How do type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ?

Answer 13

Type 1 diabetes develops in childhood and is genetic; whereas type 2 diabetes occurs in adulthood and is often linked to obesity, poor diet and physical inactivity.

Question 14

How many cases and deaths from diabetes are there annually?

Answer 14

Globally, the disease affects nearly 250 million people and is responsible for nearly 4 million deaths annually.

Question 15

What is diabetes (type 1)?

Answer 15

Diabetes is a non-communicable disease caused by a deficiency of insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas.

Question 16

In 2018, what fractions of people died from TB in Nigeria and Mozambique?

Answer 16

Mortality rates from TB in 2018 were 64/100,000 in Nigeria and 72/100,000 in Mozambique.

Question 17

What continent has the largest number of TB deaths?

Answer 17

Africa has the most TB deaths.

Question 18

In 2018, how many cases and deaths from TB were there globally?

Answer 18

In 2018, there were over 10 million cases if TB globally, along with 1.5 million deaths.

Question 19

What is TB?

Answer 19

TB (tuberculosis) is an infectious and highly contagious disease associated with poverty and overcrowded living conditions.

Question 20

What two countries have more than a quarter of their population carrying HIV/AIDS?

Answer 20

Swaziland and Lesotho have more than a quarter of their population carrying HIV/AIDS.

Question 21

Where is HIV/AIDS mainly concentrated?

Answer 21

HIV/AIDS is mainly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa and Nigeria.

Question 22

In 2020, how many people were infected with HIV/AIDS globally?

Answer 22

In 2020, 38 million people were infected with HIV/AIDS globally.

Question 23

What is HIV/AIDS?

Answer 23

HIV/AIDS is an infectious and contagious disease, spread by body fluids such as blood and semen.

Question 24

What is the name of the parasite that transmits malaria?

Answer 24

The malarial parasite is transmitted to humans by anopheles mosquitoes.

Question 25

How many people are at risk of malaria? How many countries does this span?

Answer 25

In total, around 3.2 billion people are at risk in 97 countries.

Question 26

In 2018, how many people were infected with malaria?

Answer 26

In 2018, 220 million people were infected with malaria.

Question 27

What is malaria?

Answer 27

Malaria is an infectious, but non-contagious tropical disease. It is connected in Africa, Latin America, south Asia and south-east Asia.

Question 28

Describe the global distribution of diabetes.

Answer 28

Diabetes is most prevalent in east Asia and central North America. Distribution is large; but doesn’t dangerously affect Africa. It is most common in areas like India, USA, China and Brazil.

Question 29

Describe the global distribution of CVD mortality.

Answer 29

CVD mortality is prevalent the most within south-west Asia and north-east Africa. Distribution is wide, but doesn’t critically affect North and South America.

Question 30

Describe the global distribution of TB.

Answer 30

The distribution of TB is large, cases can be found in most continents. It is most common in places such as South Africa. It is prevalent largely in central and southern Africa, and islands in Asia like Indonesia.

Question 31

Describe the global distribution of HIV.

Answer 31

HIV is prevalent in southern Africa. Its distribution is sparse. It is commonly found in Africa, mainly south Africa.

Question 32

Describe the global distribution of malaria.

Answer 32

Malaria is widely common in LIDCs. It is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. It is located across the equator.

Question 33

What does the term pandemic mean?

Answer 33

A pandemic refers to a disease that has been spread globally.

Question 34

What does the term epidemic mean?

Answer 34

An epidemic refers to the outbreak of a disease that attacks many people at the same time, and spreads through a population or in a restricted geographical area.

Question 35

What does the term endemic mean?

Answer 35

An endemic will occur when a disease exists permanently in a geographical area or population group.

Question 36

Name 3 diseases that are in the top 10 causes of death worldwide, for LIDCs

Answer 36

3 diseases that are in the top 10 causes of death worldwide for LIDCs, would include: malaria, traffic accidents and respiratory infections.

Question 37

Name 3 diseases that are in the top 10 causes of death worldwide, for ACs.

Answer 37

3 diseases that are in the top 10 causes of death worldwide for ACs, would include: respiratory infections, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.

Question 38

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 38

Non-communicable diseases are diseases that cannot spread.

Question 39

What are non-infectious diseases?

Answer 39

Non-infectious diseases are diseases that cannot spread.

Question 40

What is a zoonotic disease?

Answer 40

A zoonotic disease is an infectious disease that spread from animals to humans.

Question 41

What are non-contagious diseases?

Answer 41

Non-contagious diseases are diseases that are spread by vectors.

Question 42

What are communicable diseases?

Answer 42

Communicable diseases are diseases that spread from host to host, but does not require quarantine.

Question 43

What are contagious diseases?

Answer 43

Contagious disease are disease that spread through direct or indirect contact between people.

Question 44

What are infectious diseases?

Answer 44

Infectious diseases are diseases spread by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites). Most but not all can be transmitted from one to another.