2. Cell Ultrastructure

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

DNA———>RNA———>protein

replication, transcription, translation

Question 2

1st Law of thermodynamics

Answer 2

Energy is conserved in any process; the energy gained by a system is exactly equal to the energy lost by surrounding

Question 3

2nd Law of thermodynamics

Answer 3

there is always an increase in Entropy in any naturally occurring process

Question 4

power house of the cell;

• generate ATP
• generate CO2 and H2O

Answer 4

mitochondria

Question 5

hormones, enzymes

Answer 5

secretory granules of golgi complex

Question 6

melanin granules

Answer 6

pigment granules of golgi complex

Question 7

broad interconnecting cisternae are in what structure?

Answer 7

Rough ER

Question 8

tubular networks are in what structure?

Answer 8

Smooth ER

Question 9

site of steroid biosynthesis

Answer 9

SER

Question 10

Important role in glycogen breakdown and mobilization?

Answer 10

SER

Question 11

Structure that functions in regulation of muscle contraction?

Answer 11

SER

Question 12

Structure that functions in carbohydrate hydrolysis, terminal glycosylation, phosphorylation and sulfation, initial proteolysis as well as in protein sorting?

Answer 12

Golgi Complex

Question 13

Structure that contains enzymes for beta-oxidation of long fatty acids; D and L-amino acid oxidases; and catalase which degrades peroxide to oxygen and water

Answer 13

Peroxisome

Question 14

Goblet cells are found where?

Answer 14

lining of small intestine or respiratory tract; mucus-secreting unicellular gland.

Question 15

Includes micrtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments?

Answer 15

Cytoskeleton aka (microtrabecular network)

Question 16

Tubulins + MAPs form?

Answer 16

Microtubules

Question 17

Actin form?

Answer 17

Microfilaments

Question 18

epithelial cells have what type of intermediate filament?

Answer 18

cytokeratins

Question 19

Muscle cells have what type of intermediate filament?

Answer 19

desmin

Question 20

mesenchymal cells have what type of intermediate filament?

Answer 20

vimentin

Question 21

nerve supporting cells have what type of intermediate filament?

Answer 21

GFAP

Question 22

neurons have what type of intermediate filament?

Answer 22

Neurofliaments

Question 23

what is arranged in a helical profile of 13 subunits?

Answer 23

Microtubules

Question 24

Form the backbone for centrioles, basal bodies, flagella, and cilia?

Answer 24

microtubules

Question 25

the axoneme arrangement is?

Answer 25

9 doublets surrounding 2 singlets (9+2); microtubules in cilia

Question 26

what acts as a template to control the assembly of the axoneme subunits?

Answer 26

basal bodies

Question 27

a structure that has 9 triplets with nothing in the center?

Answer 27

basal body ( or centriole)