2. digestion and absorption

Question 1

Peristalsis, Sphincters, Segmentation

Stage 1: Physical stage of digestion

Answer 1

Mixing and moving food throughout GIT
-peristalsis: wave like process
-Sphincters: ring like muscular valves / prevent backflow of chyme
-segmentation: alternating forward and backward movements

Question 2

Enzymatic reactions depending factors (3)

**Stage 2: Chemical phase of digestion

Answer 2

• stomach acid breaks some chemical bonds
• Depending factors:
  1. Acid base conditions (PH)
  2. Substrate (Type of bonds)
  3. Presence of coenzymes

Question 3

**Stage 3: Regulation of digestion

Answer 3

Nervous system
* relay msg from git to organs (brain)
* send commands from brain to organs
Hormones
* regulatory hormones control release of digestive enzymes and juice

Question 4

Secreted by, Stimulus, Action

Gastrin

Answer 4

Secreted by: Stomach
Stimulus: Food in stomach (protein/ caffeine/ spices/ alcohol)
Action: Stimulate stomach acid and ezymes and stomach mixing

Question 5

Secreted by, Stimulus, Action

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 5

Secreted by: Small intestine
Stimulus: Fat and protein in small intestine
Action: stimulates pancreas and liver secretions for protein and fat digestion

Question 6

Secretin

Answer 6

Secreted by: Small intestine
Stimulus: Acid (from stomach) in small intestine
Action:Bicarbonate from pancrease neutralize acid and bile from liver

Question 7

Absorption (2)

Location

Answer 7

-Water, drugs and small amounts of alcohol are absorbed in the mouth and stomch
-fermentation products, sodium, potassium, and water are absorbed in large intestine

Question 8

Absorption

Passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Answer 8

-No energy needed
-high to low concentration
-water, lipids (without protein carrier)
-Frutose (with protein carrier)

Question 9

Active transport

Answer 9

-uses energy
-nutrient can go from low to high concentration
-glucose, amino acid

Question 10

Ulcers

Answer 10

-degrade protective layer
treatment: medication to destroy microorganism

Question 11

Heartburn

Answer 11

treatment: avoid overfilling stomach, eat smaller meals, avoid laying down after eating, medicine

Question 12

Gallstones

Answer 12

-blockage of bile duct from gallbladder
-pain in upper right abdomen or back
treatment: removal of gall bladder, low fat diet

Question 13

Lactose intolerance

Answer 13

-lack of lactase enzyme
treatment: avoidance, alternatives, lactase supplement

Question 14

Constipation

Answer 14

Treatment: high fiber diet, exercise, fluid

Question 15

Hermorrhoids

Answer 15

-swollen veins of rectum and anus
-lack of fiber
prevention: high fiber diet

Question 16

Celiac disease

Answer 16

-auto immune disorder
-avoid all gluten food

Question 17

Diverticulosis

Answer 17

-small pouches form in colon wall
-inflamation occurs from bacteria or irritants (abdominal pain)
treatment: higher fiber diet