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20-21 Flashcards

1
Q

are polyhydroxyaldehydes or
polyhydroxyketones

A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

general formula Monosaccharides

A

CnH2nOn

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3
Q

A six-membered cyclic hemiacetal

A

pyranose

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4
Q

stereoisomers formed in hemiacetal formation

A

anomers

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5
Q

stereocenter resulting from hemiacetal
formation is called an

A

anomeric carbon

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6
Q

indicates that the OH group on the
anomeric carbon lies on the opposite side from the
terminal CH2OH

A

a-

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7
Q

the change in specific rotation that accompanies formation of an equilibrium mixture of a and b anomers in aqueous solution

A

Mutarotation

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8
Q

carbohydrate that reacts with an oxidizing agent
to form an aldonic acid is classified as

A

reducing sugar

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9
Q

five-membered cyclic hemiacetal

A

a furanose

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10
Q

is a linear polysaccharide of as many as 4000 units of D-glucopyranose joined by a-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

Amylose

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11
Q

contains two monosaccharide units
joined by a glycosidic bond

A

disaccharide

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12
Q

a carboxylic acid formed when the aldehyde group of an aldose is oxidized to a carboxyl group

A

aldonic acid

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13
Q

indicates that the OH group on the anomeric carbon lies on the same side of the ring as the terminal CH2OH

A

b-

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14
Q

Starch can be separated into two fractions

A

amylose and amylopectin

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15
Q

Furanoses and pyranoses can be drawn as

A

Haworth projections

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16
Q

Pyranoses can also be drawn as

A

chair conformations.

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17
Q

a disaccharide of two molecules of D-glucose joined by an a-1,4-glycosidic bond

A

Maltose

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18
Q

a disaccharide consisting of D-glucose joined to D-fructose by an a-1,2-glycosidic bond

A

Sucrose

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19
Q

a cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide

A

A glycoside

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20
Q

table sugar

A

Sucrose

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21
Q

a polyhydroxy compound formed when the carbonyl group of a monosaccharide is reduced to a hydroxyl group

A

alditol

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22
Q

A monosaccharide
containing an aldehyde group

A

Aldose

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23
Q

a disaccharide consisting of D-galactose joined to D-glucose by a b-1,4-glycosidic bond

A

Lactose

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24
Q

a highly branched polysaccharide of D-glucose joined by a-1,4-glycosidic bonds and, at branch points, by a-1,6-glycosidic bonds

A

Amylopectin

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25
Q

the skeletal polysaccharide of plants, is a linear polysaccharide of D-glucopyranose joined by b-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

Cellulose

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26
Q

the reserve carbohydrate of animals, is a highly branched polysaccharide of D-glucopyranose joined by a-1,4-glycosidic bonds and, at branch points, by a-1,6-glycosidic bonds

A

Glycogen

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27
Q

A monosaccharide
containing a ketone group

A

Ketose

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28
Q

“hydrate of carbon”

A

carbohydrate

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29
Q

part of lactose

A

Galactose

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30
Q

ionized to COO2 and SO at the pH of body fluids, which gives these polysaccharides net negative charge

A

carboxyl and sulfate groups of acidic polysaccharides

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31
Q

blood sugar

A

Glucose

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32
Q

blood glucose levels are measured by an enzyme-based
procedure using the

A

enzyme glucose oxidase.

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33
Q

D,L system proposed by

A

Emil Fischer

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34
Q

synthesized both biochemically by plants and some animals and commercially from D-glucose

A

L-ascorbic acid

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35
Q

became the second Nobel Prize winner in chemistry

A

Emil Fischer

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36
Q

A carbohydrate
containing two monosaccharide
units joined by a glycosidic bond

A

Disaccharide

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37
Q

has the same configuration at
its penultimate carbon as L-glyceraldehyde

A

L-monosaccharide

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38
Q

deficiency of the enzyme galactokinase

A

disorder, known as galactosuria

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39
Q

When the body cannot absorb galactose

A

it accumulates in the blood and in the urine

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40
Q

has the same configuration at its
penultimate carbon as D-glyceraldehyde

A

A D-monosaccharide

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41
Q

insufficient blood levels of the hormone insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus

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42
Q

A carbohydrate
containing a large number of
monosaccharide units, each joined
to the next by one or more
glycosidic bonds

A

Polysaccharide

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43
Q

The bond from
the anomeric carbon of a glycoside
to an OR group

A

Glycosidic bond

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44
Q

used as a sweetening agent in “sugarless” gum, candy, and sweet cereal

A

Xylitol

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45
Q

A carbohydrate
containing from six to ten
monosaccharide units, each joined
to the next by a glycosidic bond

A

Oligosaccharide

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46
Q

if the blood concentration of insulin is too low

A

muscle and liver cells do not absorb glucose from the blood; this problem, in turn, leads to increased levels of blood glucose

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47
Q

increased levels of blood glucose

A

(hyperglycemia)

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48
Q

the outsides of most plasma cell membranes are literally

A

“sugar-coated.”

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49
Q

oxidizes colorless o-toluidine to a colored product in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme peroxidase

A

hydrogen peroxide

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50
Q

Type B

A

Sugar on cell surface: B
Has antibodies against: A
Can receive blood from: B and O
Can donate blood to: B and AB

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51
Q

a branched polymer of
approximately 10,000 D-glucose
units joined by a-1,4-glycosidic
bonds.

A

Amylopectin

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52
Q

type A, B, AB, or O is genetically determined and depends on the

A

type of trisaccharide or tetrasaccharide bound to the surface of the red blood cells

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53
Q

Type AB

A

Sugars on cell surface: A and B
Has antibodies against: None
Can receive blood from: O, A, B, and AB
Can donate blood to: AB

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54
Q

Type O

A

Sugar on cell surface: O
Has antibodies against: A and B
Can receive blood from: O
Can donate blood to: O, A, B, and AB

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55
Q

a linear polysaccharide of D-glucose units joined by b-1,4-glycosidic bonds

A

Cellulose

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56
Q

Type A

A

Sugar on cell surface: A
Has antibodies against: B
Can receive blood from: A and O
Can donate blood to: A and AB

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57
Q

cellulose

A

MW 400,000 g/mol, corresponding to approximately 2200 glucose units per molecule

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58
Q

are water-insoluble substances

A

Lipids

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59
Q

ructose is more than ___ sweeter than sucrose

A

70%

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60
Q

contain substantial amounts of unsaturated fatty acids

A

oils

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61
Q

Lipids are classified into four groups

A

fats (triglycerides); complex lipids; steroids; and prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

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62
Q

contain mostly saturated fatty acids

A

Solid fats

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63
Q

production of high-fructose corn syrup

A

e partial hydrolysis of corn starch catalyzed by the enzyme a-amylase

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64
Q

alkali salts of fatty acids

A

soaps

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65
Q

breaks corn starch into small polysaccharides called

A

dextrins

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66
Q

a heterogeneous mixture of variably sulfonated polysaccharide
chains, ranging in molecular weight from 6000 to 30,000 g/mol

A

Heparin

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67
Q

Complex lipids can be classified into two groups

A

phospholipids and glycolipids

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68
Q

is the simplest acidic polysaccharide present in connective tissue

A

Hyaluronic Acid

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69
Q

are complex lipids that consist of the long-chain alcohol sphingosine esterified to a fatty acid (the ceramide moiety). Nitrogen-containing phosphate esters are also bonded to the sphingosine moiety

A

Sphinogolipids

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70
Q

contain sphingosine and a fatty acid, collectively known as the ceramide portion of the molecule, and a carbohydrate portion

A

Glycolipids

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71
Q

are made of a central alcohol (glycerol or sphingosine), fatty acids, and a nitrogen containing phosphate ester, such as phosphorylcholine or inositol phosphate

A

Phospholipids

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72
Q

Membranes are made of a

A

lipid bilayer

73
Q

are important
components of cell membrane

A

phospholipids and glycolipids

74
Q

the hydrophobic parts of phospholipids (fatty acid
residues) point toward the middle of the bilayer,
and the hydrophilic parts point toward the inner
and outer surfaces of the membrane.

A

lipid bilayer

75
Q

are complex lipids that consist of a central glycerol moiety to which two fatty acids are esterified. The third alcohol group of the glycerol is esterified to a nitrogen-containing phosphate ester

A

Glycerophospholipids

76
Q

are complex lipids that consist of two
parts: a ceramide portion and a carbohydrate portion

A

Glycolipid

77
Q

a fused four-ring nucleus

A

steroids

78
Q

most common steroid

A

cholesterol

79
Q

serves as a
starting material for the synthesis of other steroids

A

cholesterol

80
Q

an integral part of membranes,
occupying the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer

A

Cholesterol

81
Q

Cholesterol is transported in the blood plasma mainly
by two kinds of lipoproteins

A

HDL and LDL

82
Q

delivers cholesterol to the cells to be used mostly as
a membrane component

A

LDL

83
Q

delivers cholesteryl
esters mainly to the liver to be used in the synthesis
of bile acids and steroid hormones

A

HDL

84
Q

oxidation product of cholesterol is

A

progesterone

85
Q

oxidation product of cholesterol also gives rise to the synthesis of other sex hormones

A

testosterone and
estradiol

86
Q

a precursor of the adrenocorticoid hormones

A

Progesterone

87
Q

are oxidation products of cholesterol

A

Bile salts

88
Q

emulsify all kinds of lipids, including cholesterol, and are essential in the digestion of fats

A

Bile salts

89
Q

are derived from arachidonic acid

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

90
Q

are a family of substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and solvents of low polarity, such as diethyl ether.

A

lipids

91
Q

Lipids play three major roles in human biochemistry

A

(1) They store energy within fat cells,
(2) they are parts of membranes that separate compartments of aqueous solutions from each other,
(3) they serve as chemical messengers.

92
Q

provide these membranes that separate compartments containing aqueous solutions

A

Lipids

93
Q

serve as chemical messenger

A

Lipids

93
Q
A
94
Q

classify lipids into four groups

A

(1) simple lipids, such as fats and waxes;
(2) complex lipids;
(3) steroids;
(4) prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

95
Q

A mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of long-chain, saturated fatty acids

A

Fat

96
Q

A mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids or short-chain, saturated fatty acids

A

Oil

97
Q

fat or oil is allowed to stand out in the open, this reaction slowly turns some of the molecules into

A

aldehydes and other compounds with foul tastes and odor

98
Q

are more susceptible to this rancid transformation

A

Plant oils

99
Q

Another cause of unpleasant taste is

A

hydrolysis

100
Q

hydrolysis of triglycerides may produce

A

short-chain fatty acids, such as butanoic acid (butyric acid), which have unpleasant odors

101
Q

prevent rancidity

A

fats and oils should be kept refrigerate and in dark bottles antioxidants are often added to fats and oils to prevent rancidity

102
Q

Plant and animal waxes are

A

simple esters

103
Q

Plant and animal waxes are solids because

A

of their high molecular weight

104
Q

the acid portions of the esters consist of a

A

mixture of fatty acids

105
Q

a major component of beeswax is

A

1-triacontyl palmitate

106
Q

have higher melting points than fats

A

Waxes

107
Q

Waxes are used by plants and animals as

A

protective coatings

108
Q

helps to prevent microorganisms from attacking
them and allows the plants to conserve water

A

the leaves of most plants are coated with wax

109
Q

carnauba wax

A

Brazilian palm tree

110
Q

lanolin

A

from lamb’s wool

111
Q

spermaceti

A

whales

112
Q

are not esters, but rather mixtures of high-molecular-weight alkanes

A

Paraffin waxes

113
Q

gland secretion contains a mixture of fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and esters of cholestero

A

ear wax

114
Q

contain an alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate
group

A

Phospholipids

115
Q

small structures inside the cell

A

organelles

116
Q

hydrophobic tails point toward each other

A

enables them to get as far away from the water as possible

117
Q

lipid part of the membrane serves as a

A

barrier against any movement of ions or polar compounds into and out of the cells

118
Q

model that shows the passage of nonpolar compounds by diffusion, as these compounds are soluble in the lipid membranes

A

fluid mosaic model

119
Q

refers to the topography of the bilayers

A

mosaic

120
Q

channels made of six proteins that create a central pore, channels allow neighboring cells to communicate

A

gap junctions

121
Q

gap junctions

A

passive transport

122
Q

can readily pass through
gap junctions

A

Small polar molecules—which include such essential nutrients as inorganic ions, sugars, amino acids, and nucleotide

123
Q

a specific interaction takes place
between the transporter and the transported molecule

A

facilitated transport

124
Q

involves the passage of ions through a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

125
Q

transporter, a membrane protein

A

ATPase

126
Q

uses the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP molecules to change the conformation of the transporter, which brings in K1 and exports Na1

A

ATPase

127
Q

Deeper in the channel, K+ ions encounter a constriction

A

selectivity filter

128
Q

Polar compounds, in general, are transported through specific

A

transmembrane channels

129
Q

combination of a fatty acid and sphingosine

A

ceramide

130
Q

consists of ceramide mono- or oligosaccharides

A

cerebrosides

131
Q

contain a more complex carbohydrate structure

A

gangliosides

132
Q

human brain and spinal cord can be divided into

A

gray and
white regions

133
Q

percent of the human brain is white matter

A

Forty

134
Q

nerve axons wrapped in a white lipid coating

A

myelin sheath

135
Q

provides insulation and allows the rapid conduction
of electrical signals

A

myelin sheath

136
Q

myelin sheath consists of

A

70% lipids and 30% proteins in the usual lipid bilayer structure

137
Q

Specialized cells wrap themselves
around the peripheral nerve axons to form numerous concentric
layers

A

Schwann cells

138
Q

the myelin sheath gradually deteriorates

A

Multiple sclerosis

139
Q

muscle weariness, lack of coordination, and loss of
vision, may vanish for a time but later return with greater severity

A

Multiple sclerosis

140
Q

secondary effect of the demyelination

A

damage to the axon itself

141
Q

Spherically shaped
clusters containing both lipid
molecules and protein molecules

A

Lipoproteins

142
Q

some of the enzymes needed to decompose the complex lipids are defective or missing

A

lipid storage diseases

143
Q

cause an enlarged liver and spleen, mental
retardation, blindness, and, in certain cases, early death

A

lipid storage diseases

144
Q

Gaucher’s disease

A

b-glucosidase

145
Q

krabbe’s leukodystrophy

A

b-galactosidase

146
Q

Fabry’s disease

A

a-galactosidase

147
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

demyelination

148
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

hexoaminadase A

149
Q

Niemann-Pick disease

A

Sphingomyelinase

150
Q

“good cholesterol”

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

151
Q

“bad cholesterol”

A

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

152
Q

consists of about 33% protein and about 30% cholesterol

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

153
Q

only 25% protein but 50% cholesterol

A

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (“bad cholesterol”)

154
Q

mostly carries triglycerides (fats) synthesized by the liver

A

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

155
Q

carry dietary lipids synthesized in the intestines

A

Chylomicrons

156
Q

DL-receptor molecules line the cell surface in certain concentrated areas

A

coated pits

157
Q

discovery of the LDL-receptor–mediated pathway

A

Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein

158
Q

there are not enough LDL receptors

A

familial hypercholesterolemia

159
Q

death of heart muscles due to lack of oxygen

A

myocardial infarction

160
Q

exacerbate the blockage of some arteries by a clot
at the point where the arteries are constricted by plaque

A

Atherosclerosis

161
Q

are products of the adrenal
glands

A

adrenocorticoid hormones

162
Q

adjacent to the renal

A

adrenal

163
Q

adrenocorticoid hormones two groups

A

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids

164
Q

regulate the concentrations of ions

A

Mineralocorticoids

165
Q

control carbohydrate metabolism

A

glucocorticoids

166
Q

one of the most important mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone

167
Q

the major glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

168
Q

the principal male hormone

A

Testosterone,

169
Q

responsible for the
buildup of muscles in men

A

Testosterone,

170
Q

way to increase testosterone concentration is to use

A

prohormones

171
Q

use of anabolic steroids is forbidden largely for two reasons

A

(1) It gives some competitors an unfair advantage,
(2) these drugs can have many unwanted and even dangerous side effects, ranging from acne to liver tumors

172
Q

prevents ovulation during pregnancy

A

progesterone

173
Q

prevents irregular menstrual flow

A

estradiol-like compound

174
Q

used most often in birth-control pills:

A

Triple-bond derivatives of testosterone, such as norethindrone, norethynodrel, and ethynodiol diacetate

175
Q

Prostaglandins, a group of fatty-acid-like substances, were discovered by

A

Kurzrok and Leib in the 1930s,

176
Q

inhibiting phospholipase A2, the enzyme that releases unsaturated fatty acids from complex lipids in the membranes

A

Anti-inflammatory steroids

177
Q

to treat a type of colon cancer called familial adenomateous polyposis

A

Celebrex

178
Q

All anti-inflammatory agents reduce pain and relieve fever and swelling by

A

reducing the
prostaglandin production

B (15 decks)

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