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2017 Anatomy Revision > 2017 Anatomy Revision > Flashcards

2017 Anatomy Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Which arteries supply the thorax posteriorly, laterally and medially?

A

Posteriorly: intercostal arteries
Laterally: lateral thoracic arteries
Medially: internal thoracic arteries

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2
Q

What are the 4 points of surface anatomy of the heart?

A

3RCC
2LCC
6RCC
5LICS

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3
Q

Going anti-clockwise around the ear, what is the nerve supply?

A

CN5c
C2
C2+C3
CN7+CN10

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4
Q

External acoustic meatus

  1. Structure?
  2. Which way do you pull the pinna in adults to see the EAM?
  3. Which way do you pull the pinna in children to see the EAM?
A
  1. Cartilagenous laterally and bony medially
  2. Adults: postero-superiorly
  3. Children: postero-inferiorly
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5
Q

What are the 3 sections of the tympanic membrane?

A

Ectoderm: skin
Mesoderm: connective tissue
Endoderm: respiratory mucosa

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6
Q
  1. What is the sensory nerve supply of the nasopharynx?
  2. What is the sesnsory nerve supply of the oropharynx?
  3. What is the sensory nerve supply of the laryngopharynx?
A
  1. Nasopharynx: CN9 and 5b
  2. Oropharynx: CN9
  3. Laryngopharynx: CN9 and CN10
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7
Q

What are the 3 middle ear ossicles called?

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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8
Q

What are the 2 middle ear muscles called?

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

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9
Q

What is behind these middle ear walls:

  1. Superior wall?
  2. Medial wall?
  3. Anterior wall?
  4. Inferior wall?
  5. Posterior wall?
A
  1. Superior wall: brain
  2. Medial wall: cochlea
  3. Anterior wall: internal carotid artery
  4. Inferior wall: internal jugular vein
  5. Posterior wall: mastoid air sinus
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10
Q
  1. Explain the lobes and fissures of the right lung

2. Explain the lobes and fissures of the left lung

A 
1. Right lung: superior,middle and inferior lobe
Oblique and horizontal fissure
2. Left lung: superior and inferior lobe
Lingula
Oblique fissure
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11
Q

Name 7 relations and impressions on the right lung

A 
Rib one
Oesophagus
Impression for diaphragm
Brachiocephalic vein
Azygous vein
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
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12
Q

Name 8 relations and impressions on the left lung

A 
Rib one
Oesophagus
Impression for diaphragm 
Brachiocephalic vein
Cardiac impression
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Subclavian artery
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13
Q
  1. What is the nerve supply for the mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura?
  2. What is the nerve supply for the costal pleura?
A
  1. Phrenic= C3,4,5

2. Intercostal nerves

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14
Q

Lungs

  1. Define pneumothorax
  2. Define tension pneumothorax
  3. Define haemothorax
  4. How would you do a chest drain for air and for fluid?
A
  1. Air/fluid in pleural cavity
  2. Air keeps entering and cant escape, and the trachea is pushed to 1 side
  3. Blood in pleural cavity
  4. 5th/6th ICS MAL
    Up for air and down for fluid
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15
Q

Name the surface markings for the following things:

  1. Apex
  2. Right lung
  3. Left lung
  4. Oblique fissure
  5. Horizontal fissure
  6. Pleura
A
  1. Apex: 2cm above medial 1/3 of clavicle
  2. Right lung: ribs 2,4,6cc,6,8,10
  3. Left lung: ribs 2,4, cardiac notch, 6,8,10
  4. Oblique fissure: T3-6CC
  5. Horizontal fissure: 4CC- oblique fissure
  6. Pleura: 12th rib or lower
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16
Q

Trachea

  1. Which nerves are between the trachea and the oesophagus?
  2. Where does the trachea start?
  3. Where does the trachea bifurcate?
  4. Where does the trachea enter the hilium?
  5. What is the nerve supply?
  6. What is the front and back of the trachea made of?
A
  1. Recurrent laryngeal nerves
  2. C6
  3. T4
  4. T5/T6
  5. CNX and sympathetic
  6. Front is an incomplete ring of hyaline cartilage
    Back is the trachealis muscle
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17
Q
  1. Which lobes of the right lung are relevant in a supine position?
  2. Which lobes of the left lung are relevant in a supine position?
A
  1. Apical basal and posterior basal

2. Apical basal and posterior basal

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18
Q
  1. What does the left vagus nerve pass in front of?
  2. What does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook around?
  3. What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook around?
A
  1. Arch of aorta
  2. Around the arch
  3. Around the right subclavian artery
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19
Q
  1. What is the transverse sinus useful for?
  2. Where is the transverse sinus?
  3. Where is the oblique sinus?
A
  1. Clamps arterial outflow during surgery
  2. Between arterial and venous ends of the heart tube
  3. Posterior to heart, between parietal and visceral pericardium
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20
Q

Right coronary artery

What are the 5 branches and what does each one supply?

A
  1. SA node artery = R + L atrium
  2. Anterior ventricular arteries
  3. Marginal artery = reaches apex
  4. Posterior IV artery = AV node and posterior 1/3 of septum
  5. Conus artery
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21
Q

Left coronary artery

What are the 3 branches and what does each one supply?

A
  1. SA node artery = R + L atrium
  2. Circumflex artery = LA + LV
  3. Anterior IV artery = RV + LV + anterior 2/3 of septum
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22
Q

What is the heart surface anatomy?

A

3RCC lateral to sternum
2LCC lateral to sternum
5LICS half way medial to mid-clavicular line
6RCC lateral to sternum

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23
Q

Valve auscultation

  1. Aortic valve?
  2. Pulmonary valve?
  3. Mitral valve?
  4. Tricuspid valve?
A
  1. Aortic = 2 RICS
  2. Pulmonary = 2 LICS
  3. Mitral = 5 LICS MCL
  4. Tricuspid = 4/5 LICS
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24
Q

What is the sympathetic supply of the heart and what does this cause?

A

T1-T4

Referred pain

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25
Q

Explain the basic arterial supply of the upper limb

A 
Subclavian
Axillary
Brachial (and profunda brachii)
Radial and ulnar
Palmar arches
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26
Q

Explain the basic arterial supply of the lower limb

A

Femoral (and profunda femoris)
Popliteal
Anterior tibial and posterior tibial (and peroneal)
Plantar arch (and dorsalis pedis)

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27
Q
  1. What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint and what supplies it?
  2. What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint and what supplies it?
  3. What 2 things would happen after a dislocation?
  4. What happens in a clavicular fracture and what nerve is vulnerable?
A
  1. Synovial plane joint: C4
  2. Synovial ball and socket joint: C6
  3. AC ligaments weaken and the acromion becomes prominent
  4. Post displacement of lateral 1/3 of clavicle
    Suprascapular nerve is vulnerable
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28
Q

Humerus

  1. A fracture in the neck would damage which nerve?
  2. A fracture in the midshaft would damage which nerve?
  3. A fracture in the supraepicondylar ridges would damage which nerve/artery?
A
  1. Axillary nerve
  2. Radial nerve
  3. All nerves and arteries
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29
Q

Shoulder joint

  1. What type of joint is it?
  2. What is the glenoid fossa like?
  3. What is the glenoid labrum and what does it do?
  4. What is there for protection?
  5. What is the coracoacromial arch made of?
A
  1. Synovial ball and socket
  2. Shallow
  3. Fibrocartilage rim that deepens the socket and stabilises the joint
  4. Bursa
  5. Acromion and coracoacromial ligament
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30
Q

Shoulder joint

  1. What does the coracoacromial arch prevent?
  2. Which nerves supply the shoulder joint?
  3. Where is referred pain?
  4. When is the coracoacromial arch disrupted?
A
  1. Superior dislocation
  2. C5 + C6
  3. Proximal and lateral arm
  4. Acromioclavicular joint dislocation
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31
Q

Glenohumeral joint

  1. Dislocation makes which nerve vulnerable?
  2. What direction is the dislocation usually?
  3. Which direction does it end up in?
  4. What becomes most lateral?
A
  1. Axillary nerve
  2. Anterior
  3. Inferior
  4. Acromion most lateral
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32
Q

Elbow joint

  1. Which nerve is vulnerable at the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
  2. Which nerve is vulnerable at the top of the ulna?
  3. In a fracture if the elbow joint, which arteries are vulnerable and which nerves are vulnerable?
A
  1. Ulnar nerve
  2. Brachial artery and median nerve
  3. Brachial artery
    Ulnar, median and radial nerves
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33
Q

Elbow joint

  1. What are the 2 ligaments at the elbow joint?
  2. What 2 movements can the elbow joint do and what is the supply for each?
A
  1. Lateral collateral ligament
    Medial collateral ligament
  2. Flexion = C5-6
    Extension = C7-8
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34
Q

Posterior pectoral girdle muscles

  1. What are the 4 muscles and what are each innervated by?
  2. Which nerve is vulnerable in the neck?
  3. What 2 effects would a lesion here cause?
A
  1. Trapezius: CN11
    Latissimus dorsi: C6-8 + thoracodorsal nerve
    Levator scapulae: C4-5 + dorsal scapular nerve
    Rhomboid minor and major: C4-5 + dorsal scapular nerve
  2. CN11
  3. Cant laterally rotate scapula
    Cant lift arm
35
Q

Anterior pectoral girdle muscles
Pectoralis major
1. Sternocostal head is innervated by which nerves?
2. Clavicular head is innervated by which nerves?
3. 3 roles of this muscle?

A 
1. C8-T1
Medial pectoral nerve
2. C5-C7
Lateral pectoral nerve
3. Adducts
Medially rotates
Accessory breathing muscles
36
Q

Anterior pectoral girdle muscles
Pectoralis minor
1. Innervation?
2. 1 role?

A
  1. C8-T1

2. Depresses scapula

37
Q 
Anterior pectoral girdle muscles
Serratus anterior
1. Innervation?
2. 2 roles?
3. When is this nerve vulnerable?
4. What does damage to this lead to?
A 
1. C5-C7
Long thoracic nerve
2. Protects scapula
Holds scapula close to thoracic wall
3. Axillary surgery/trauma/compression
4. Cant fix scapula against thoracic wall so cant lift arm
38
Q

Deltoid

  1. Innervation?
  2. Which 2 situations is this nerve vulnerable?
  3. Name 4 roles
  4. Loss of deltoid will have what 4 effects?
A 
1. C5-6
Axillary nerve
2. Shoulder dislocation and fracture in the neck of the humerus
3.flexion, extension, abduction and shunting
4. Regimental badge anaesthesia
Cant abduct shoulder 
Weak flexion
Weak lateral rotation
39
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

  1. What are the 4 muscles?
  2. Innervation?
  3. Name 4 roles
  4. What is the other muscle that is there? Innervation and 2 roles?
A
  1. Infraspinatus
    Teres minor
    Supraspinatus
    Subscapularis
  2. Suprascapular nerve, subscapular nerve and axillary nerve
  3. Lateral rotators, medial rotator, initiates abduction and stabilises humeral head
  4. Teres major, Lower subscapular nerve, medial rotator and adductor
40
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

  1. Innervation?
  2. Overall role?
  3. What does injury lead to?
A
  1. C5-6
  2. Stabilise shoulder joint
  3. Shoulder instability
41
Q

Anterior arm muscles

  1. Innervation?
  2. What are the 2 muscles called?
A
  1. Musculocutaneous nerve

2. Biceps brachii and brachialis

42
Q 
Anterior arm muscles
Biceps brachii
1. Biceps tendon and aponeurosis protect which artery and nerve?
2. Name 3 roles?
3. No attachment where?

Brachialis
4. Role?

A

Biceps brachii

  1. Brachial artery and median nerve
  2. Flexes elbow, supinates forearm, long head flexes shoulder 30 degrees
  3. No humeral attachment

Brachialis
4. Flexes elbow

43
Q 
Posterior arm muscles
Triceps brachii
1. Name 2 roles
2. What are its 3 heads?
3. What 2 other things with this muscle causes spaces?
4. What are the 2 spaces called?
A
  1. Shoulder and elbow extension
  2. Long, medial and lateral head
  3. Humerus and teres major
  4. Quadrangular space and Triangular interval
44
Q

Triceps brachii 3 heads, humerus and teres major

  1. What goes through the quadrangular space?
  2. What goes through the triangular interval?
A
  1. Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery

2. Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

45
Q

Brachial plexus

  1. What is the plexus’s journey?
  2. What are the 5 sections called?
  3. What are the front 3 branches called? Left to right
  4. What are the back 2 branches called? Left to right
A
  1. Neck to axilla to branches given off
  2. Roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches
  3. Musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve and ulnar nerve
  4. Axillary nerve and radial nerve
46
Q 
Brachial plexus
What innervation are the following responsible for:
1. Musculocutaneous nerve
2. Median nerve
3. Ulnar nerve
4. Axillary nerve
5. Radial nerve
A
  1. C5-7
  2. C5-T1
  3. C8-T1
  4. C5-6
  5. C5-T1
47
Q

Explain the blood supply to the arm

A 
Subclavian
(Rich anastomoses)
Axillary
Anterior and posterior circumflex
Profunda brachii
Brachial
48
Q

What are the meningeal layers starting from the spinal cord?

A 
Spinal cord
Pia mater
Sub-arachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Sub-dural space
Dura mater
Epidural space
49
Q
  1. Where does the spinal cord terminate in adults?
  2. Where does the spinal cord terminate in children?
  3. What is the cauda equina and what does it supply?
A
  1. L1-2
  2. L3-4
  3. Collection of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves that supply lower limbs, pelvic floor and urinary and anal sphincters
50
Q

Where would you do a lumbar puncture and how would you do it differently in children?

A

Line joining highest points of iliac crest
L4
1-2 vertebral levels lower in children

51
Q

Explain the 5 stages of IV disc prolapse and state which nerve it would effect

A
  1. Normal
  2. Degeneration/leakage
  3. Protrusion (prolapse)
  4. Herniation (extrusion)
  5. Sequestration

Effects nerve of IV foramen one level below

52
Q

Name 4 possible symptoms of cauda equina syndrome

A

Weakness of pelvic floor
Weakness of anal and urinary sphincters
Loss of bladder function
Lower limb sensory loss/changes

53
Q

In a fracture or dislocation at the elbow, which nerves are vulnerable?

A

All 3 main nerves

54
Q

Wrist joint

  1. What type of joint is it?
  2. What 3 ligaments are present?
  3. What 4 movements can happen?
  4. Define Bennett fracture
  5. Define Colles fracture
  6. Define Smiths fracture
  7. What happens after either Colles fracture or Smiths fracture?
A
  1. Synovial condyloid joint
  2. Medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament and radiocarpal ligament
  3. Flexion, extension abduction and adduction
  4. Bennett: fracture of base of 1st MC bone that extends into CMC joint
  5. Colles: radius goes backwards
  6. Smiths: radius goes forward
  7. 6 weeks in plaster, loss of wrist and distal radioulnar movements, stiff MCP joints
55
Q

Anterior forearm compartments

  1. What 4 muscles is the first layer made of?
  2. What muscle is the second layer?
  3. What 3 muscles is the third layer made of?
A
  1. Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus
  2. Flexor digitorum superficialis
  3. Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus and pronator quadratus
56
Q 
Anterior forearm compartments
Layer 1 = PT, FCR, FCU,PL
1. Origin?
2. Innervation?
3. All median nerve except which one? What innervates that one?
4. What 6 things do these muscles do?
A
  1. Medial epicondyle
  2. C7-8
  3. FCU= ulnar nerve
  4. Flexion of wrist and digits
    Powergrip
    Wrist stabilise
    Wrist abduction
    Wrist adduction
    Pronation
57
Q 
Anterior forearm compartments
Layer 2= FDS
Layer 3= FDP, FPL, PQ
1. All supplied by which nerve?
2. What is the exception and what is supplied by?
A
  1. Median nerve (C7-8)
  2. FDP to digits 4 + 5
    Which is supplied by ulnar nerve
58
Q

Posterior forearm compartments

  1. What are the 3 muscles of the superficial layer?
  2. What are the 5 muscles of the deep layer?
  3. What is the other posterior forearm muscle?
A
  1. Extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digitorum
  2. Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor indicis
  3. Brachioradialis
59
Q 
Posterior forearm muscles
Superficial layer
ECR, ECU + ED
1. Origin?
2. Innervation?
3. Name 4 roles
A
  1. Lateral epicondyle
  2. Radial nerve C6-8
  3. Extension of wrist and digits
    Stabilises wrist
    Wrist abduction
    Wrist adduction
60
Q 
Posterior forearm muscles
Deep layer
S, APL, EPL, EPB, EI
1. Innervation?
2. Name 4 roles
A
  1. Radial nerve C7-8
  2. Supinator
    Thumb abductor
    Thumb adductor
    Index finger extension (at MCP joint)
61
Q

Posterior forearm muscles
Brachioradialis
1. Innervation?
2. Name 2 roles

A
  1. Radial nerve C5-6
  2. Flexes elbow
    Shunt muscle (resists varus forces)
62
Q

Radial nerve palsy

  1. What are the 2 functional effects?
  2. Where is there sensory loss?
  3. Where would you test over?
  4. What fracture can cause this?
A
  1. Dropped wrist and no extension of digits
  2. Sensory loss over dorsolateral hand (back of thumb)
  3. Test over first dorsal interosseous muscle
  4. Lateral epicondyle fracture
63
Q

Cubital fossa

  1. What are the 3 boundaries?
  2. What is inside the cubital fossa?
  3. What 2 things is it covered by?
  4. What 3 things happen in a median nerve injury within here?
A
  1. Superior border between epicondyles
    Medial border of brachioradialis
    Lateral border of pronator teres
  2. Brachial artery, median nerve and median cubital vein
  3. Biceps aponeurosis and deep fascia
  4. Hand of benediction when you try to make a fist
    No pronation
    Weak wrist flexion that pulls to the ulnar side
64
Q

Anatomical snuffbox

  1. What borders it nearer to the thumb?
  2. What borders it further to the thumb?
  3. What 2 things go through it?
A 
1. Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus
EPB, APL
2. Extensor pollicis longus
EPL
3. Radial artery and cephalic vein
65
Q

What are the 4 types of hand muscles?

A

Hypothenar
Thenar
Interossei muscles
Lumbrical muscles

66
Q

Hand muscles

  1. Thenar: innervation and 3 roles?
  2. Hypothenar: innervation and 3 roles?
  3. Interossei muscles: innervation and 2 types?
  4. Lumbrical muscles: what does it flex and what does it extend?
  5. Lumbrical muscles: innervation of first 2 and last 2 fingers?
A
  1. Thenar = median nerve
    Thumb flexion, abduction and opposition
  2. Hypothenar = ulnar nerve
    5th digit flexion, abduction and opposition
  3. Interossei muscles = ulnar nerve
    Palmar adduct + dorsal abduct
  4. Lumbrical muscles = flexes MCP joints and extends interphalangeal joints
  5. Lumbrical muscles = first 2 is median nerve and last 2 is ulnar nerve
67
Q

Carpal tunnel

  1. Formed by what 2 things?
  2. What 4 bones are involved?
  3. Which nerve can become compressed?
  4. What sensory loss accompanies this?
A
  1. Carpal bones and flexor retinaculum
  2. Pisiform, hamate, scaphoid, trapezium
  3. Median nerve
  4. Sensory loss: palmar and digits 1-3.5
68
Q

Ulnar nerve at wrist

  1. Passes superficially to what?
  2. An ulnar nerve lesion in the hands can cause what sensory loss?
  3. Motor loss will effect what 4 things? What is this known as?
A
  1. Carpal tunnel
  2. Ulnar 1.5 digits
  3. Hypothenar muscles, medial 2 lumbricals, all interossei and adductor pollicis brevis
    “Ulnar claw hand”
69
Q

Nerve distribution at hand

  1. Where would you test for radial nerve?
  2. Where would you test for median nerve?
  3. Where would you test for ulnar nerve?
A
  1. Back of thumb (dorsolateral hand)
  2. Front of hand digits 2 + 3
  3. Back of hand 5th digit
70
Q

If brachial artery supply is lost suddenly at the elbow, what can happen in the anterior forearm?

A

Volkmann’s ischaemic contractures of deep flexors

71
Q

Give the method for an intramuscular injection

A

Vertical line through highest point of iliac crest

Line from PSIS to greater trochanter

72
Q

Hip

  1. Name the hip flexor
  2. Name the 5 adductors (medial compartment)
  3. Name the 5 muscles in the anterior compartment
  4. Name the 3 muscles in the posterior compartment
A
  1. iliopsoas
  2. Pectineus, adductor longus, gracilis, adductor magnus and adductor brevis
  3. Tensor fascia lata, sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
  4. Semi-membranosus, semi-tendinosus and biceps femoris
73
Q

Muscles of the thigh

  1. Innervation of hip flexor (iliopsoas)?
  2. Innervation of medial compartment (adductors)?
  3. Innervation of the anterior compartment?
A
  1. L1-2
  2. Obturator nerve L2-4
  3. Femoral nerve L3-4
74
Q

Arterial trunk for the lower limb

List the origin of the femoral artery

A

Common iliac
R/L external iliac
Femoral

75
Q

Lower limb

  1. Which bone is the medial malleolus on?
  2. What passes anteriorly to the medial malleolus?
  3. Which bone is the lateral malleolus on?
  4. What passes posteriorly to the lateral malleolus?
A
  1. Tibia
  2. Great saphenous vein
  3. Fibula
  4. Short saphenous vein
76
Q

Leg compartments

  1. Anterior compartment: artery/nerve/function?
  2. Posterior compartment: artery/nerve/function?
  3. Lateral compartment: nerve/function?
A
  1. Anterior compartment
    Anterior tibial artery/deep peroneal nerve
    Dorsiflexors and invertors of foot + extensors of digits
  2. Posterior compartment
    Posterior tibial artery/tibial nerve
    Plantarflexors and invertors of foot + flexors of digits
  3. Lateral compartment
    Superficial peroneal nerve
    Evertors of foot
77
Q

Cruciate ligaments

  1. Which condyles link with which cruciate ligaments?
  2. Which one is taught in extension?
  3. Which one is taught in flexion?
A 
1. Lateral condyle
Anterior cruciate
Medial condyle
Posterior cruciate
2. ACL
3. PCL
78
Q

Collateral ligaments

  1. Which one attaches to the tibia?
  2. Which one attaches to the fibula?
  3. What does MCL prevent?
  4. What does LCL prevent?
A
  1. Medial collateral ligament
  2. Lateral collateral ligament
  3. Tibial abduction
  4. Tibial adduction
79
Q

What is the anastamoses of the knee composed of?

A

Femoral
Popliteal
Tibial
Circumflex femoral

80
Q

Which muscle unlocks the knee?

A

Popliteus

81
Q

Anterior compartment of leg

  1. Name the 3 muscles
  2. Innervation?
  3. Which nerve is at risk at the head of fibula?
A
  1. Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum, extensor hallucis
  2. Deep peroneal nerve
  3. Common peroneal nerve
82
Q

Posterior compartment of leg

  1. Name the 5 muscles
  2. Innervation?
A
  1. Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum, flexor hallucis
  2. Tibial nerve
83
Q

Lateral compartment of leg

  1. Name the 2 muscles
  2. Innervation?
A
  1. Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis

2. Superficial peroneal nerve

84
Q

Popliteal fossa

  1. What are the 4 borders?
  2. Whats inside the popliteal fossa?
A
  1. Semi-membranosus and semi-tendinosus
    Biceps femoris
    Gastrocnemius (medial head)
    Gastrocnemius (lateral head)
  2. Popliteal artery
    Popliteal vein (with short saphenous vein)
    Tibial nerve (with common peroneal nerve)

2017 Anatomy Revision (2 decks)

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