2021 Health Promotion Flashcards
what do you understand by passive prevention?
- Measures that operate without the person’s active involvement (e.g. airbags in cars)
- are more effective than active prevention, measures that a person must do on their own (e.g. wearing a seatbelt)
What do you understand by sentinel surveillance?
- selective reporting of disease data from a limited network of carefully selected reporting sites with a high probability of seeing cases in question,
- well-designed system can be used to signal trends, identify outbreaks, and monitor the burden of disease in a community in a timely and cost-effective manner compared to other kinds of surveillance,
- may be not as effective in identifying rare diseases, or diseases that occur outside the catchment area of sentinel sites
What are the levels of Disease Prevention and give an example of each?
Primordial
- Preventing the development of risk factors Education that begins in childhood about behaviour that can harm health
- Programs that encourage physical activity
Primary
- Protect health and prevent disease onset
- Reducing exposure to risk factors
- Immunization programs (e.g. measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio etc)
- Smoking cessation
- Seatbelt use
Secondary
- Early detection of (subclinical) disease to
- minimize morbidity and mortality
- Mammography
- Routine Pap smears
Tertiary
- Treatment and rehabilitation of disease to prevent progression, permanent disability, and future disease
- DM monitoring with HbA1c, eye exams, foot exams
- Medication
What are differences and similarities between screening and case finding?
- screening tests are not diagnostic tests
- the primary purpose of screening tests is to detect early disease or risk factors for disease in large numbers of apparently healthy individuals.
- Thee purpose of a diagnostic test is to establish the presence (or absence) of disease as a basis for treatment decisions in symptomatic or screen positive individuals (conrmatory test).
- Both screening and case finding seek to risk stratify for further investigation to minimize biases and harms, and maximize benefits,
- screening is best done at the population level, not the individual clinical level, as part of a screening program (e.g. Provincial breast cancer screening program vs. screening by primary care/family physicians)
List 5 recommendations from the New Canada Food Guide to make healthy food choices.
- Eat plenty of vegetables and fruits, whole grain foods and protein foods; Choose protein that come from plants more often.
- Choose foods with healthy fats instead of saturated fats, and with little to no added sodium and sugars.
- Limit highly processed foods. If you choose these foods, eat them less often and in small amounts.
- Make water your drink of choice and replace sugary drinks with water
- Use food labels; and choose healthier menu options when eating out.
- Be aware that food marketing can influence your choices
https: //food-guide.canada.ca/en/healthy-food-choices/
List 5 recommendations from the New Canada Food Guide to make health food habits.
- Be mindful of your eating habits (Take time to eat and notice when you are hungry and when you are full)
- Cook more often (Plan what you eat and involve others in planning and preparing meals)
- Enjoy your food (Culture and food traditions can be a part of healthy eating)
- Eat meals with others
https: //food-guide.canada.ca/en/healthy-eating-habits/
What are determinants of healths? List 12 of them
Determinants of health are the broad range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors that determine individual and population health. 10 Determinants of health according to PHAC:
Income & Social Status; Employment & working conditions; Education & literacy; Access to health services;
Phyical environment; Social support & coping skills; Childhood experience; Personal health behaviours
Biology & genetic Endowment; Race/Racism; Gender; Culture
Income and social status: As income and social status increase, individual health status increases; as income and social inequality decrease, population health status increases (evidence: Whitehall study)
Social support Increased social contact and emotional support reduces mortality; social networks influence risk factor exposure (e.g., physical activity, obesity)
Education and literacy: Education level predicts SES, improves job security, and increases job satisfaction; literacy allows individuals to access knowledge required for problem-solving
Employment/working conditions: Unemployment, stressful work environments, and unsafe work environments are associated with poorer health outcomes
Physical environment: Air, water, soil, and food contaminants can adversely affect health; the built environment can influence both physical and psychological well-being
Personal health behaviours: The actions individuals perform to self-care, problem-solve, and cope can enhance or detract from health (e.g., smoking, alcohol use, drug use, unsafe sex, dietary choices)
Childhood experiences; Health outcomes are affected by birth weight, parental attachment, childhood housing, family income, parental education, access to nutritious foods and physical recreation, and access to dental and medical care
Gender: Culturally-determined values and roles ascribed to the sexes
Culture: Marginalization, stigmatization, and devaluation of language of minority cultures by the majority culture can lead to additional health risks (e.g., through lack of culturally-appropriate health care services, through socio-economic exclusion)
Define Social marketing.
Compare and contrast social marketing and commercial marketing in terms of type of product, audience, primary aim, and competition
Definition: Social marketing is the application of commercial marketing techniques to the analysis, planning,executive and evaluation of programs designed to influence the voluntary behaviour of target audiences for health benefits. It uses the four P of marketing mix to heightens benefits, reduces barriers, and offers better chocie (Product, Place, Price, Promotion)
Social Marketing vs Commercial marketing
Type of Product: Selling desired behaviour vs selling goods and service
Audience: Participants; greatest amount of beavhioral change vs consumers; greatest profit or volume opportunity
Primary aim: Financial gains vs Social good
Cost: Time, effort, reduced pleasure; social alienation vs money and time
Competition: Audience’s current/prefereed personal behviours & associated benefits and organizations selling or promoting competing behaviours (e.g. tobacco industry) vs Other organizations offering similar goods & services
List 5 components of the ecological framework for health promotion
- Individual
- Interpersonal
- Organisational
- Community
- Public policy/societal
List 4 components of the health beliefs model and describe each with the context of texting and driving
- Perceived susceptibility - beliefs about the chances of getting in a motor vehicle accident while texting
- Perceived severity - beliefs about the seriousness of getting into an MVA and its consequences
- Perceived benefits - beliefs about the effectivness of taking measures to stop texting while driving
- Perceived barriers - beliefs about the material and psychological costs of taking action to stop texting
List the 5 actions of the Ottawa Charter
- build healthy public policy - create supportive environments - develop personal skills - reorient health services - strengthen community actions
List 5 determinants of health (as per PHAC)
- income and social status - social support networks - education and literacy - employment / working conditions - social environment - physical environment - personal health practices and coping skills - healthy child development - biology and genetic endowment - health services - gender - culture
Define the ‘low income cut-off’ (LICO) measure of poverty
income threshold below which a family is expected to spend 20% more of their income on necessities than the average Canadian family
Define the ‘low-income measure’ (LIM) measure of poverty
half the median income
Define the ‘market basket measure’
threshold = amount required to buy a ‘basket’ of goods and services representing a modest standard of living
