204 - lymphatic system

Question 0

3 things lymph system does (important.)

Answer 0

Fluid balance - return of excess interstitial fluid to blood.

Absorption of fats (chyle) from digestive system (lacteals.)

Immunological defense.

Question 1

What does the lymphatic system include?

Answer 1

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules/nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus gland.

Question 2

Lymph nodes filter _______

Answer 2

Lymph.

Question 3

Spleen filters ______.

Answer 3

Spleen filters blood.

Question 4

Lymphatic capillaries - location, structure, and function.

Answer 4

Location - throughout body except CNS, bone marrow, tissues without blood vessels, etc.
Structure - blind beginning.
Function: pick up excess ISF (10%).

Question 5

Larger lymphatic vessels - structure and functions.

Answer 5

Structure - resemble small veins.
Functions - conduct lymph through lymph nodes for filtering.
Return lymph to blood. Where? Left and right subclavian veins.

Question 6

Excess interstitial fluid causes _______.

Answer 6

Edema.

Question 7

Aids to return blood to lymph. Why?

Answer 7

High permeability of lymph capillaries and valves in larger lymphatics.

Question 8

What are some physiological aids to return lymph to blood?

Answer 8

Contraction of smooth muscle in lymphatic vessels.
Skeletal muscle contraction.
Lower pressure in thoracic region.

Question 9

Lymphatic nodules - structure.

Answer 9

Groups of lymphocytes (WBC’s) (no capsule) and macrophages.

Question 10

Lymphatic nodules - locations.

Answer 10

Tonsils, beneath digestive (Peyer patches), respiratory,and urinary mucosa.

Question 11

Lymphatic nodules - functions.

Answer 11

Filter lymph.

Question 12

Lymph modes - location.

Answer 12

Along Lymphatic vessels. Groups in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.

Question 13

Lymph nodes - structure.

Answer 13

Fibrous capsule and trabeculae (internal skeleton.)
Afferent (incoming) and efferent (outgoing) lymphatics.
Lymphocytes and macrophages (phagocytosis.)

Question 14

Lymph nodes - functions

Answer 14

Produce and house lymphocytes.

Filter lymph via macrophages.

Question 15

Spleen - structure (type, not pulp.)

Answer 15

Fibrous capsule, smooth muscle.

Question 16

Spleen - ____ pulp and _____ pulp.

Answer 16

White pulp - surrounds the arteries.

Red pulp - surrounds the vein.

Question 17

Spleen - functions.

Answer 17

Production of lymphocytes - WBC’s detect and respond to foreign invaders.
Destruction of old RBC’s.
Does NOT filter lymph, filters BLOOD.
sympathetic stimulation causes spleen to release blood into circulation.

Question 18

What happens if the spleen is lost?

Answer 18

(You call the missing persons department.) okay, just kidding. The liver takes over and so do other lymph tissues.

Question 19

Thymus gland - location.

Answer 19

Superior mediastinum; deep to manubrium at sternum.

Question 20

Structure of thymus

Answer 20

Youth - lymphatic tissue.

Adults - mostly fibrous and fatty.

Question 21

Thymus gland - grows to age _ and decreases after age __.

Answer 21

Grows to age 1, decreases after age 60.

Question 22

Function of the thymus gland.

Answer 22

Secretes hormone thymosine.

Question 23

Immunity - definition.

Answer 23

Study of resistance to disease.

Question 24

Some different disease causing agents.

Answer 24

Pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, cancers, toxins(chemicals.)

Question 25

Innate immunity (nonspecific defense.) definition.

Answer 25

It fights all foreign invaders equally. It recognizes foreign invaders but that ability doesn’t change.

Question 26

Physical barriers of innate immunity -

Answer 26

Keratin of skin.
Mucus membranes, cilia.
Tear, saliva, urine.
Coughing, sneezing.

Question 27

Chemical mediators of innate immunity.

Answer 27

Tears (lysozyme.)
Sebaceous glands (sebum.)
Mucus.
Gastric juice.

Question 28

Chemical mediators - complement.

Answer 28

20 proteins, activated by foreign invaders or by antibodies. Cause inflammation, promote phagocytosis, and lyse (rupture) of bacteria.

Question 29

Chemical mediators - interfero

Answer 29

Proteins produced by cells infected by viruses. It does not save the cell..it dies, but sends a message saying what it happening so that others are saved.

Question 30

WBC - neutrophils

Answer 30

1st line of defense.

Question 31

WBC - monocytes and macrophages.

Answer 31

“Swat team.” Production of complement and interferon.

Question 32

WBC - basophils and mast cells.

Answer 32

Promote inflammation.

Question 33

WBC - eosinophils

Answer 33

Contain + reduce inflammation.

Question 34

WBC - natural killer cells.

Answer 34

Lyses tumors and virus infected cells.

Question 35

Inflammatory response…..cause.

Answer 35

Tissue damage.

Question 36

Inflammatory response - effects.

Answer 36

A. Histamine, complement, prostaglandins released.
B. chemotaxis - attraction of neutrophils and phagocytes.
C. Increased vascular permeability.
D. Increased blood flow.
E. increased amount of WBC’s at site of damage.

Question 37

Fever - cause

Answer 37

Caused by pyrogens produced by foreign invaders or WBC’s.

Question 38

Fever - function.

Answer 38

Elevated temperature increases rate of chemical reactions.

Question 39

Local vs systemic inflammation.

Answer 39

Local - confined to a specific area.

Systemic - larger area.

Question 40

Adaptive immunity - definition.

Answer 40

Acquired resistance to specific pathogen which confers memory. Essentially…..it’s something you’ve learned and your body fights back. There are two types, anti body mediated and cell mediated.

Question 41

Antigen - def

Answer 41

Molecule capable of eliciting an antibody attack.

Question 42

Antibodies

Answer 42

Proteins produced by blymohocytes in response to a specific foreign antigen and capable of binding that antigen specifically.

Question 43

Classes of antibodies - most common.

Answer 43

GMA - Good Able Men. IgG (80%), IgA (15%), IgM (5%)