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ANTHROPOLOGY > 2.05 - 3.12 > Flashcards

2.05 - 3.12 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of language and its relationship with the culture in which it is found.

A

Ethnolinguistics

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2
Q

A way to impart, exchange, or give information. This may be accomplished in to main methods. (Verbal or Nonverbal).

A

Communication

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3
Q

Analysis of body language is known as…

A

Kinesics

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4
Q

Eye contact shows respect and interest (No eye contact shows avoidance).

A

American & Western Europe

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5
Q

Eye contact shows disrespect (No eye contact shows respect).

A

Asia

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6
Q

A component of a language, which is verbal but considered a nonverbal form of communication. These noises depict a meaning apart from the language itself. Often unnecessary but added (+giggling, groaning, sighing, including pitch & tempo).

A

Paralanguage

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7
Q

Anthropologist & cross-cultural researcher. His most defining work was with cultural perceptions & space.

A

Edward Hall

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8
Q

The cross-cultural study of human’s perception & use of space.

A

Proxemics

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9
Q

Variant forms of language.

A

Dialects

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10
Q

One that is used by everyone. It is a response to a changing situation. Language. Dialects. Accents.

A

Code-switching

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11
Q

Are tasks and activities that are assigned to the sexes.

A

Gender Roles

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12
Q

Generally follow gender roles in that they are strongly held ideas about the characteristics of sexes.

A

Gender Stereotypes

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13
Q

Is when there is an unequal distribution of rewards, resources, power, prestige, freedom, etc. between men and woman.

A

Gender Stratification

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14
Q

States that there is a distinct difference in the “outside” world as opposed to the home or “inside.”

A

Domestic-public Dichotomy

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15
Q

Identity trace moves out of native home.

A

Matrilineal

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16
Q

Residence after marriage with wife’s relatives.

A

Matrilocality

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17
Q

Men Dominant.

A

Patriarchy

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18
Q

Women Dominant.

A

Matriarchy

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19
Q

Native American (two-spirit) are often thought to have high status with direct spiritual powers. Hold many roles throughout the tribe.

A

Berdache

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20
Q

Samoa. Traditionally assisted in household roles of females – more common today is something similar to a drama queen.

A

Fa’afafine

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21
Q

Consists of hunting, fishing and fathering of wild plants/grains.

A

Food-foraging

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22
Q

No distict social class.

A

Egalitation

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23
Q

The population size must not outweight the available resources (fresh water, wild plants, game)

A

Carrying Capacity

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24
Q

The breeding and managing of migratory herds of domisticated animals (sheep, cattle, camels, llamas).

A

Pastoralism

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25
Q

The relocating of migratory heads due to seasonal pressures.

A

Transhumance

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26
Q

The actual farming of small crops by hand ahead plots or small scall farming.

A

Horticulture

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27
Q

Slash and burn technique. Natural vegitation is cut (slash) and the burned.

A

Swidden Farming

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28
Q

The culture culturation and its most complex. Using a variaty of hand tools, plows, irrigation systems, tractors, combines, fertilizes.

A

Agriculture

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29
Q

Is the replacement of human labor by machine labor.

A

Industrilization

30
Q

Just as people adapt physically to their enviorment they can also adopt culturally.

A

Cultural Ecology

31
Q

How these cultures change over time.

A

Cultural Evolution

32
Q

The ideas that two different cultures develop into similar cultures once placed into the same enviormet.

A

Convergent Evolution

33
Q

When similar cultures adapt to new enviorment in the same way because their ancestral cultures were similar.

A

Parallel Evolution

34
Q

Too much capital to start areas.

A

Marginal Region

35
Q

This is how they limit population growth.

A

Fissioning

36
Q

The deliberate killing of babies. After baby is born related to deformities or twins or scarcity of food.

A

Infanticide

37
Q

Killing of the elderly.

A

Genonticide

38
Q

The killing of the sick and disable.

A

Invalicide

39
Q

Individuals seek to maximize there returns in calories and nutrients on their labor in deciding which animals and plants to hunt or collect.

A

Optimal Foraging Theory

40
Q

Based on changed among family groups as a means of distributing goods and services throughout the society.

A

Reciprocal Economic System

41
Q

Based on the assumption that an immediate return is not expected and that the value of exchanges will balance out in the long run. A gift rather than a trade.

A

Generalized Reciprocity

42
Q

A more direct type of reciprocal exchange with an explicit expectation of immediate return. More of trade and barter. Exchange values are expected to be equivalent. If equal is not given the the transaction is over.

A

Balanced Reciprocity

43
Q

This is an example of balanced reciprocity in New Guinea who are horticulturists. They trade ornaments.

A

Kula Ring

44
Q

Necklaces

A

Soulava

45
Q

Armbands

A

Mwali

46
Q

The attempt to get something for NOTHING. Ex. bargaining, gambling. Rarely found in small-scale foraging societies.

A

Negative Reciprocity

47
Q

Form of exchange where goods flow into a central place where they are sorted, counted or relocated. These motives vary in structure.

A

Redistribution

48
Q

Display of wealth to gain social prestige.

A

Conspicuous Consumption

49
Q

In food foraging societies such as the Native American tribe Kwakiuti there is a ceremonial event where the village chief publicly gives away a large amount of food.

A

Potlatch

50
Q

Accomplished by obtaining wealth to order to give it away for the sake of prestige and status.

A

Prestige Economy

51
Q

Encourages other wealthy members of society to also give away goods. This way no one person will have more wealth than another.

A

Leveling Mechanism

52
Q

Deals solely with the buying and selling of goods or services not with trade. Prices are set by supply and demand. Money is used to make payments for these goods or services. Controlled by government.

A

Formal Economy/Market Exchange

53
Q

Producing and circulating of marketplace commodities, labor and services that for various reasons escape government control. They are not Controlled by government.

A

Informal Economy/Black Market

54
Q

Men and women carry out work separately. Neither gender is unequal.

A

Dual Sex Configuration

55
Q

Tools and artifacts, bows and arrows and spears.

A

Technology

56
Q

How is food divided among members throughout a food foraging?

A

Divided by Kinship; by relation; wife first then husband family.

57
Q

Pastoralist = food forager

A

Nomadic

58
Q

Which group practiced the Trancehumance?

A

Iranian, Basseri (Nomadic)

59
Q

How does their subsistences role do with their economic role?

A

What there main subsistence is, is used as money.

60
Q

What is the advantage of pastoralism over food foraging?

A

So that there is food.

61
Q

Advantage of food foraging over pastoralism.

A

You don’t have to worry about animals just yourself.

62
Q

Give an example of industrial role…

A

Hunting & fishing.

63
Q

Fishers

A

Kugitotl

64
Q
  • Women are only important to bore children to continue the line.
  • Sheep provide food and money.
  • Move herd to mountain in spring somewhere it is wet.
  • Male dominant society (Patriochral)
A

Bassaire (of Iran Mountains)

65
Q
  • Zoma gives you rich milk.
  • Zoma —> result of cow and cattle.
  • Use milk to make butter (for butter tea).
  • Herd sheep.
A

Sherpa (Pastoralist)

66
Q
  • Sacrifice ox.
  • Eat flesh of cattle, drink milk, wash hands in urine.
  • Cattle produce food.
A

Nuer

67
Q
  • Agriculture is impossible.
  • Hunt seals, riches food during winter.
  • Kill seals through holes they breath through.
  • Each hole found by smell, scent seal leaves behind.
  • Kraft all things used.
  • Ice 7inches thick.
  • Eating after capturing is ritual.
  • Live in small bonds/own only what they carry.
A

Netslilc (People of Seal)

68
Q
  • Men provided meat.

- Women gathered fruit.

A

!Kung

69
Q
  • Rely on foot and tree crops
  • Main crop is “yarn”
  • Family provide food for rituals
  • Man who gives most/gains more power
A

Melanesians

70
Q
  • Plant seeds in spring, in the ashes left after fire
  • Corns, beans, squash, planted all in some hole
  • Live in villages
  • Focused on tending fields
A

Maya Group

71
Q
  • Stay close to plants, creates homes

* Horticulturists: maintaining crops without fertilizer or outside recourses

A

Food Producers

ANTHROPOLOGY (3 decks)

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