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History > 2.1 - Decolonisation and Nationalist Movements > Flashcards

2.1 - Decolonisation and Nationalist Movements Flashcards

1
Q

When was Burma colonised?

A

1st January 1886

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2
Q

What happened when Burma was colonised?

A

became province of India, causing resentment as Indians took over jobs

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3
Q

When were new reforms introduced in India and what was the problem?

A

1920 - reforms not introduced in Burma = more resentment and boycott of british goods

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4
Q

When was the Thakin movement?

A

1930s

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5
Q

What was the Thakin movement?

A

protests organised by radical students and led by U Nu and Aung San causing them to gain trust of villagers

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6
Q

When did the Burmese peasants rebel?

A

1930

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7
Q

What happened when the Burmese peasants rebeled?

A

resisted indian and british troops for 2 years

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8
Q

When did the British separate Burma from India?

A

1937

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9
Q

When did Ba Maw come into power in Burma?

A

april 1937

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10
Q

How did the Burmese feel about being separated from India?

A

felt it was an attempt to exclude Burma from yet another phase of indian reforms so violent riots continued

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11
Q

When did the government declare a state of emergency in Rangoon?

A

22nd December 1938

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12
Q

When did Ba Maw resign?

A

1939

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13
Q

What happened when Ba Maw resigned?

A

U Nu formed new government

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14
Q

What did the Japanese do after invading Burma?

A

promised Burmese independence

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15
Q

When did Japanese troops reach Bangkok?

A

december 1941

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16
Q

What happened when japanese troops reached Bangkok?

A

Aung San formed Burma Independence Army (BIA)

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17
Q

When did the Japanese fully occupy Burma?

A

1942

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18
Q

What happened when japan had fully occupied Burma?

A

BIA disbanded + Burma Defense Army introduced with Aung San as commander

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19
Q

When did Japan begin losing in Burma?

A

1943

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20
Q

What happened when Japan began losing?

A

Japan declare Burma as a puppet state for Japan

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21
Q

When did Aung San and his army join the british side?

A

1945

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22
Q

When did Aung San rename is army and to what?

A

1945 - Burma National Army

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23
Q

When did Aung San join the British side and after what?

A

1945 after Aung San contacted Lord Louis Mountbatten

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24
Q

When did the allies drive out the Japanese?

A

1945

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25
Q

What happened during the Japanese invasion of Burma?

A

1) japanese troops reach Bangkok
2) japanese fully occupy BIA
3) Pro-japanese government lead by Ba Maw installed
4) Burma declared as puppet state for Japan
5) The Burma campaign > br, china, US against Japan
6) allies drive out japanese

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26
Q

What were the casualties of the japanese invasion of Burma?

A

170,000-250,000 civilian deaths

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27
Q

When was Aung San assassinated?

A

july 1947

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28
Q

When did Burma become independent?

A

4th january 1948

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29
Q

How did Burma become independent?

A
  • British sent in Hubert Rance who formed new cabinet
  • Aung San assassinated
  • New constitution under Thakin and U Nu (backed by Rance) was written
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30
Q

When did the british formally make Malaya a colony?

A

1867

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31
Q

When did Malays began to voice opposition to economic dominance of chinese and indians?

A

1920s

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32
Q

What did the Malays do in the 1920s?

A

began to voice opposition to economic dominance of chinese and indians

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33
Q

When were there many strikes and labour unrest in Malay?

A

1946-1948

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34
Q

When did the communists organise a 24h strike?

A

1946

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35
Q

When did the communists commit 300 strikes in Malay?

A

1947

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36
Q

What was the economic impact of British occupation on Malay?

A
  • 650,000 lived in poverty, 40% unemployed, avg. income = £70 per month
  • 7000 square km or agricultural land was damaged - 55% of population worked in farming
  • GDP declined by 20%
  • 75% of Malay’s infrastructure = damaged
  • many strikes + labour unrest (communists organised successful 24-hour strike in + 300 strikes in 1947)
  • 1.5m homeless + more than 120,000 killed
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37
Q

When did Japan attack Malay?

A

1941

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38
Q

When did Japan occupy Malay?

A

1942

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39
Q

When was the United Malays National Organisation created?

A

1946

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40
Q

What happened during the japanese invasion of Malay?

A
  • japan attacks
  • Malay under japanese controls + british officials imprisoned
  • japan encourages Malayan independence
  • Japanese wanted local support so treated indians + malays leniently, but chinese poorly
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41
Q

What was the British response to the japanese invasion of Malay?

A

British proposed a Malayan Union - caused resentment

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42
Q

What did the Malays do in response to the japanese invasion?

A

United Malays National Organisation was formed - aimed to retain status of Malays as they were the original occupants of the land

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43
Q

Who led the UMNO?

A

Tunku Abdul Rahman

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44
Q

When was the Malayan Emergency?

A

1948

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45
Q

When did the British stop the Malaya Communist Party accessing help and who was this help from?

A

1950 - rural chinese settlements

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46
Q

What was the MCP made up of?

A

500,000 mostly chinese

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47
Q

What was the Malayan Emergency?

A
  • MCP underwent guerrilla warfare in an attempt to establish a Malayan Republic
  • Chin Peng led the new Malayan National Liberation Army
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48
Q

How did Malaya receive independence?

A
  • UNMO, MCP, Indian Congress coalition win all but 1 seat in 1955 elections
  • Federation of Malaya achieved independence under alliance government headed by Tunku Abdul Rahman after Treaty of London was signed
  • Favoured malays politically but chinese maintained strong economic power + could gain liberal citizenship rights
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49
Q

When did Malaya gain independence?

A

31st August 1957

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50
Q

When did Sukarno establish the Indonesian National Party?

A

1927

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51
Q

What did Sukarno establish in 1927 and why?

A

Indonesian National Party in an attempt to gain independence from the Dutch, he was jailed instead

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52
Q

When were there many nationalist movements in Indonesia and what are examples of some?

A

early 20th century e.g. Sarekat Islam, Indonesian National Party, Indonesian Communist Party etc

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53
Q

What was the economic impact on Indonesia?

A

Oil exports reduced to 5% and rubber exports reduced to 12% of their pre-WW2 levels

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54
Q

When did Koiso promise Indonesia independence?

A

1944

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55
Q

What happened during the japanese invasion of Indonesia?

A
  • Dutch occupied by Germany so can’t fight against Japanese
  • Japan occupy indonesia for 3 ½ years
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56
Q

What are 3 examples of how Japanese occupation encouraged nationalism in Indonesia?

A
  • Destroyed + replaced Dutch economy
  • Promoted nationalist leaders e.g. Sukarno
  • PM Koiso promised Indonesia independence
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57
Q

When did Sukarno declare Indonesia independent?

A

17th August 1945

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58
Q

When did the Dutch pass on authority to Sukarno?

A

1949

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59
Q

What was Sukarno like and what did he do?

A
  • Strong nationalist leader
  • declared indonesia independent 2 days after japanese surrendered
  • Successfully mobilised against Dutch and their ‘police actions’
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60
Q

When was the Indonesian War of Independence?

A

1945-1949

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61
Q

When did the British withdraw from the Indonesia War of Independence?

A

1946

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62
Q

What happened in the Indonesian War of Independence?

A
  • Japanese gave arms to indonesians + trained them
  • Dutch struggle to re-establish their colony
  • Dutch organise 2 ‘police actions’: operation product and operation crow
  • British troops fought at the start but withdrew
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63
Q

Why did the Indonesian War of Independence begin?

A
  • begins when japan about to lose
  • Power vacuum caused by withdrawal of Dutch (weak due to war in Europe) and weakening of Japanese
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64
Q

What war crimes did the Dutch commit in Indonesia?

A
  • random killings of indonesian villagers and farmers
  • torturing and executing indonesian prisoners
  • mass murder of 364 indonesians in the village of Galoeng Galoeng
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65
Q

What was the consequence for the Dutch for commmitting war crimes?

A

Australia (sets blockade against Dutch), india and USSR all against dutch in UN

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66
Q

What were the casualties in the Indonesian War of Independence?

A

45,000-100,000 indonesian independence fighters die, 25,000-100,000 civilians die

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67
Q

What negotiations came out of the Indonesian War of Independence?

A

Linggadjati Agreement
Renville Agreement

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68
Q

When was the Linggadjati agreement?

A

1946

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69
Q

When was the Renville agreement?

A

1948

70
Q

What happened at the Linggadjati agreement?

A
  • Ceasefire
  • Both sides unhappy so agreements fail and fighting continues
71
Q

What happened at the Renville agreement?

A
  • Attempt to resolve disputes caused by Linggadjati agreement
  • US suspends economic assistance to Dutch
72
Q

When did Truman stop Dutch attempts to regain control?

A

1948

73
Q

When did Dean Acheson threaten the Dutch?

A

1949

74
Q

What was the US role in the Indonesian War of Independence?

A
  • Sent $10m loan to Dutch to finance their return to Indonesia
  • Become unsure as dutch war-crimes = unpopular + dutch struggling
  • Truman stops Dutch attempts to regain control
75
Q

How does Dean Acheson threaten the Dutch and why?

A

says Dutch will lose Marshall Aid + NATO support if they don’t hand over power to Sukarno - Dutch have to accept indonesian independence

76
Q

Who threatened the Dutch with losing Marshall Aid and NATO support?

A

Dean Acheson

77
Q

When did Indonesia gain Independence?

A

2nd November 1949

78
Q

How did Indonesia gain independence?

A
  • United Nations Commission on Indonesia mediated negotiations at the Hague
  • Dutch + Indonesian representatives sign agreement declaring independence for Indonesia
79
Q

When did HCM establish Vietminh?

A

1941

80
Q

What was Ho Chi Minh like and what did he do?

A
  • Spent 30yrs abroad travelling europe + n.America
  • Befriended left wing intellectuals
  • Established Indochinese communist party
  • Returned to Vietnam and established Vietminh
    -Communist, very popular
81
Q

What was Bao Dai like and what did he do?

A
  • Sent to paris for french education
  • Returned to vietnam age 19
  • Weak leader, lack forcefulness (took no action against japanese occupation)
  • Nationalist
82
Q

What were 2 economic issues in Vietnam in 1939?

A
  • less than 15% school-aged children received education under french-rule - 80% of population = illiterate
  • 1 uni holding 700 students for a population of 20m in
83
Q

What were 2 economic impacts on Vietnam (not in 1939)?

A
  • The poor’s share of price exported was less than 25%
  • Less than 3 % (the wealthy) of total number of landowners owned 45% of the total land, whilst the poor (70% of landowners) owned only 15%
84
Q

When were Japan able to station troops in Indochina, how many, and who allowed?

A

22nd September 1940
Jean Decoux
30,000

85
Q

When did Japan occupy the Tonkin area of n.V?

A

1940

86
Q

When did Japan drive out the french from Indochina?

A

march 1945

87
Q

When did Japan surrender in Indochina?

A

1945

88
Q

What happened during the Japanese invasion of Indochina?

A
  • Jean Decoux agrees Japan can station troops in Indochina
  • Japan occupied Tonkin area of n.V + eventually rest of Indochina
  • Japanese drive out French
  • Japan surrenders
89
Q

What was the outcome of the Japanese surrendering in Indochina?

A

Creates power vacuum which HCM tries to fill - Vietminh seized power in Hanoi and declared Vietnam as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (monarchies in Laos + Cambodia hesitated to follow this + were soon reoccupied by the French)

90
Q

When was the Fontainebleau agreement?

A

1946

91
Q

What happened at the Fontainebleau agreement?

A

(between French + HCM) - agree for france to gradually withdraw over 5 years, however negotiations broke down after france refused to grant independence

92
Q

What happened after the Fontainebleau agreement?

A

Conflict breaks out (french naval vessels bombarded Haiphong - several thousand civilians die)

93
Q

What happened to Truman after the Fontainebleau agreement?

A

Truman under pressure from State Department division (europeanists who think appeasing france is important in maintaining a strong western alliance vs asianists who supported the Vietminh and their rights)

94
Q

Why did the US send aid to France in Indochina and what did they send?

A

(1949) Vietminh continued increasingly successful guerrilla war - US concerned so sent $3b in aid for france

95
Q

When was Bao Dai appointed as leader and of what?

A

1949
Pro-french government under Bao Dai appointed

96
Q

When were the Elysee Accords?

A

1949

97
Q

What happened at the Elysee Accords?

A

vietnamese control of foreign policy, finance and arms, US refused to recognise pro-french government

98
Q

When did USSR and PRC recognise and support DRV (n.V)?

A

1950

99
Q

When did France finally receive proper foreign support?

A

1950

100
Q

What foreign support did France receive in 1950?

A

Truman sends military advisors to french indochina + supports france

101
Q

When was the Battle of Route Colonial 4?

A

1950

102
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Route Colonial 4?

A

4800 french killed + 2000 french missing or captured

103
Q

What was the result of the Battle of Route Colonial 4?

A
  • removes french presence on DRV-PRC border
  • PRC sends 60k small arms and 150 artillery to assist Vietminh
104
Q

When was the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

A

13th March 1954

105
Q

When were the geneva accords?

A

1954

106
Q

What happened at the geneva accords?

A

vietnam split agreed at 17th parallel, french withdraw

107
Q

What happened at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

A
  • french camped at heavily fortified base in Dien Bien Phu
  • 40,000 Vietminh troops led by General Giap surround french
  • VM block roads so DBP is only accessible by air
  • Br+US did not want to intervene
108
Q

What was the result of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

A
  • france lost 62 aircraft
  • 2,200 french troops killed
  • 11,000 captured and only 3300/11000 made it back home
  • france retreat from vietnam
  • leads to end of the war
109
Q

When was the Xi’an incident?

A

1936

110
Q

When did the alliance end between the KMT and CCP?

A

1941

111
Q

When did the USSR send a telegram to Mao?

A

1941

112
Q

What was the Xi’an incident?

A
  • Zhang and Yang (leaders of the CCP) kidnapped Chiang (KMT) + forced him to join forces against Japanese
  • formally joined forces but cooperation was minimal
    alliance ended when KMT ambushed + killed several thousand CCP soldiers during their evacuation
  • USSR send telegram to Mao to ease tensions with KMT
  • Roosevelt sends a special envoy to ease tension
113
Q

When does Japan leave china?

A

september 1945

114
Q

When did agreements between Chiang and Mao breakdown?

A

october 1945

115
Q

When was George Marshall sent to China?

A

december 1945

116
Q

What happened when Japan left china in 1945?

A
  • massive power vacuum in China - creates tension
  • Before Japan surrender, Chiang + Mao talk about rebuilding + reuniting China
  • agreements between Chiang + Mao breakdown due to conflict
  • George Marshall sent to China to get both parties to negotiate again
117
Q

When were agreements made in China thanks to Marshall’s visit?

A

1946

118
Q

What did Chiang and Mao agree on in 1946?

A
  • Political, economic + social reform
  • Adopting a constitution
  • Unification of military command
  • Chinese army to consist of 108 divisions
119
Q

Why did agreements fail between Chiang and Mao in 1946?

A

Before agreements could be put into practise, USSR withdrew troops, causing scramble for land + conflict in Manchuria

120
Q

When were the number of troops in the KMT vs CCP drastically different, and what were the numbers?

A

1947
KMT = 5m
CCP = 1.1m

121
Q

When did Marshall ask congress to send aid to China?

A

november 1948

122
Q

How did the communists occupation of china change overtime?

A

1946 = 1/10
1948 = 1/3

123
Q

How did the money in circulation change overtime in china?

A

1946 = 9t yuan in circulation
1948 = 700t

124
Q

What was the CCP able to do in 1948 despite having significantly fewer men than the KMT?

A

communists still able to block supply routes of the government to its Manchurian posts + major centres in n.China

125
Q

How were the US involved in China in 1948?

A

Marshall submits program to congress asking for $300m in aid to China

126
Q

How did the CPP differ to the KMT in 1948?

A

Communist strength exceeded nationalists as they gained small arms, artillery + armour

127
Q

What was an issue in china in 1948?

A

Inflation + living costs increase

128
Q

What was the consequence of inflation (increase in money circulating) in china?

A

caused strikes, student demonstrations and labour unrest

129
Q

When was the PRC established and by who?

A

1st October 1949 by Mao

130
Q

When did the KMT run away to Taiwan?

A

8th december 1949

131
Q

What happened in 1949 in china?

A
  • Mao established People’s Republic of China – within days USSR + communist bloc recognised it as legitimate government
  • nationalists ran away to Taiwan + claimed Taipei as their capital
132
Q

What was the result of the conflict in China?

A

During the 4 years of conflict, 7m KMT captured + 5m civilians die

133
Q

What are 4 reasons why the CCP were able to gain power?

A
  • Popularity/well-trained army
  • tactically superior
  • KMT unpopular
  • US involvement
134
Q

When did the CCP defeat the KMT’s new 1st army?

A

june 1947

135
Q

What are 4 pieces of evidence showing the CCP were more popular/better trained?

A
  • tightly controlled central command → disciplined soldiers, highly respected, had a red army handbook e.g. helped the peasants, not kill prisoners of war
  • 1.8m nationalists joined CCP
  • CCP defeated KMT’s new 1st army → gained tanks + heavy artillery
  • CCP gave peasants the right to seize property from their hated landlords → when CCPs seized a village, they executed/forced out landowners, then gave the land/homes to the peasants
136
Q

What are 4 pieces of evidence showing how the CCP were tactically superior?

A
  • Used guerrilla tactics when outnumbered e.g. 1947 CCP = 1.1m, KMT = 5m
  • Mao appointed loyal + intelligent generals e.g. Lin Biao + Zhu De
  • Cut KMT off from supply base in Xi’an
  • 1946 CCP controlled 1/10 of China, 1948 controlled ⅓
137
Q

What are 3 pieces of evidence showing how the KMT were tactically inferior?

A
  • Chiang appointed commanders according to their loyalty to him rather than their military skills
  • No firm ideology - only fighting as they were paid
  • Only represented 12% of the population (88% were peasants in rural areas)
138
Q

How did inflation change in China due to the KMT?

A

1937 value of notes in China = $2060m, in 1948 = $375t

139
Q

When did Shanghai see many executions?

A

august 1948

140
Q

What are 5 pieces of evidence showing how the KMT were unpopular?

A
  • Chiang’s troops often turn and fled rather than fighting
  • Bad reputation for arrogance + cowardice → accused of looting + stealing from
    the peasants
  • lost support of the poor from giving heavy taxes, high unemployment, inflation + food shortages → strikes + protests which led to mass censorship , mass arrests and executions
  • Chiang seized properties and forced enlistment
  • Shanghai saw many executions of protestors e.g. beheadings in the streets and shootings by government troops - lost foreign sympathy
141
Q

When did George Marshall leave china?

A

1947

142
Q

What are 4 pieces of evidence showing how US involvement enabled the CCP to establish control?

A
  • Truman wanted to stop spread of communism - supported KMT even though he knew they were corrupt
  • US overstretched in Europe ($17b in aid to europe - marshall aid) + Asia - couldn’t commit heavily in China
  • George Marshall went to China but left having not achieved much
  • USA gave old WW2 equipment as aid + this was often stolen by communists
143
Q

Why did Stalin limit aid to the CCP during the chinese civil war?

A
  • Feared Mao as rival for leadership of the Communist world
  • Didn’t want Cold War to spread to Asia
144
Q

How did Mao view Stalin’s limited aid?

A

Lack of support lead Mao to believe Stalin wanted a weak China in order to remain as the main communist power in Asia

145
Q

What was the difference in communism between Mao and Stalin?

A
  • Mao’s interpretation of Marxism was based on using peasants as basis for revolution
  • Stalin’s interpretation of Marxim was based on using workers as basis for revolution
146
Q

When was the Sino-soviet treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance negotiated?

A

1945

147
Q

When was the Sino-soviet treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance signed?

A

1950

148
Q

What happened in 1945 in the negotiation of the Sino-soviet treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance?

A
  • Initially created to protect Stalin’s interests in China
  • Chiang Kai-Shek acknowledged Soviet occupation of Port Arthur + agreed to share control of Changchun railway
  • Stalin agreed to recognise Chiang as China’s leader + not to assist CCP (stalin broke this during the civil war)
149
Q

What happened at the signing of the Sino-soviet treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance in 1950?

A
  • Mao was invited to Moscow + was praised for his victory in chinese civil war
  • Stalin did not want to sign treaty = only signed after 2 months of negotiations
  • Mao disliked this - unsure about Stalin
150
Q

What did Khrushchev suggest about the sino-soviet treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance?

A

Khrushchev later suggests the Soviets always planned to exploit the treaty (e.g. aid to China would have to be repaid with interest)

151
Q

When did the communist leaders gather in Bucharest?

A

1960

152
Q

What are 6 reasons for a rise in tension between China and the USSR from 1956-1966?

A
  • Mao offended by treatment during signing of sino-soviet alliance
  • China had to pay back USSR 1.35b in weapons from korean war
  • Peaceful coexistence policy criticised Stalin (Mao was a Stalinist) + prevented Mao’s goal of turning China into a major power
  • gathering of communist leaders in Bucharest - both nations criticised each other
  • Both argued on how to develop the chinese economy
  • China suspicious of USSR being reluctant to give China military aid + nuclear technology
153
Q

What are 4 conflicts caused by the sino-soviet split/worsened the split?

A
  • Taiwan crisis
  • Soviet-Albanian split
  • Sino-Indian war
  • Cuban missile crisis
154
Q

When was the soviet-albanian split?

A

1961

155
Q

When was the sino-indian war?

A

1959

156
Q

How did the sino-soviet split cause the taiwan crisis?

A

Mao tried to prove independence from USSR + test USSR support for China, USSR did not get involved

157
Q

How did the soviet-albanian split worsen sino-soviet relations?

A

china helped Albania with financial assistance

158
Q

How did the sino-indian war worsen sino-soviet relations?

A

USSR supported India

159
Q

How did the cuban missile crisis worsen sino-soviet relations?

A

Mao criticised Khrushchev for placing missiles in Cuba

160
Q

When was the sino-soviet border conflict?

A

1969

161
Q

What happened during the sino-soviet border conflict of 1969?

A
  • Focused on areas along Ussuri River, especially islands Zhenbao and Quiliqn
  • Soviets cut off chinese use of river
  • Both sides placed troops on either side of the river
  • 2nd March dispute over Zhenbao
  • USSR declared ready to launch war against China
162
Q

How was the sino-soviet border conflict resolved?

A
  • August - Soviet officials met with US state representatives to determine Chinese response to attack on chinese nuclear facilities
  • September - Mao found out and called meeting with soviets to end conflict
163
Q

What was the aftermath of the sino-soviet border conflict?

A
  • US worked on strengthening ties with China
  • Sino-soviet relations never really improved - border negotiations never agreed upon until collapse of the USSR
164
Q

When was it agreed that Zhenbao belonged to china?

A

1991

165
Q

When was the sino-russian border line agreement agreed?

A

2008

166
Q

How were sino-soviet relations affected by the Korean war?

A
  • USSR gave material assistance to 1m chinese troops + forced Mao to pay for all this ($1.35b)
  • Mao suspected USSR wanted to drag out war in hopes of tiring out the PRC
167
Q

How did Stalin’s death affect sino-soviet relations?

A
  • After Stalin’s death - Khrushchev willing to improve relations e.g. tried making treaties more fair to PRC
  • Mao saw peaceful coexistence as tarnishing the reputation of the real communist ideology
168
Q

When did Vietnam invade Cambodia?

A

1978

169
Q

When did China become involved in the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia

A

1979

170
Q

How did the Vietnam war affected the sino-soviet split?

A
  • PRC didn’t allow USSR to use chinese airports
  • Vietnam invaded communist Cambodia - china becomes involved and defends Cambodia, USSR backed Vietnam
  • Showed PRC as the weaker communist power

History (14 decks)

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