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biology > 2.1.6: cell division > Flashcards

2.1.6: cell division Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

a highly ordered sequence of events, resulting in the division of cells and the formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

what are the 2 main stages of the cell cycle?

A

interphase and the mitotic phase

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3
Q

what happens during the mitotic phase?

A

when the cell divides

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4
Q

what happens during interphase?

A

a bunch of different processes

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5
Q

what are the 3 different stages of the interphase?

A

growth one phase, synthesis phase and the growth two phase

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6
Q

what happens at the growth one phase of the cell cycle?

A

proteins from which the organelles are synthesised are produced and organelles replicate. the cell increases in size

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7
Q

what happens during the synthesis phase of the cell cycle?

A

dna is replicated in the nucleus

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8
Q

what happens during the growth two phase of the cell cycle?

A

the cell continues to increase in size, energy stores are increased and the duplicated dna is checked for errors

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9
Q

what types of things happen during the interphase?

A

dna is replicated and checked for errors, protein synthesis occurs, mitochondria grow and divide, chloroplasts grow and divide and the normal metabolic processes occur

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10
Q

what are 2 processes that take places in the mitotic phase?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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11
Q

what happens during mitosis?

A

the nucleus divides

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12
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A

cells divide into two

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13
Q

what is the growth zero phase?

A

given to the phase when the cell leaves the cycle either temporarily or permanently

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14
Q

why would a cell enter the growth zero phase?

A

a cell that becomes differentiated so it is no longer able to divide, damaged cells and many senescent cells that could cause damage/harm to the body

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15
Q

what are there in the cell cycle to ensure it is tightly regulated?

A

checkpoints

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16
Q

where is the growth one checkpoint?

A

at the end of the growth one phase before entering the synthesis phase

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17
Q

what does the growth one checkpoint check?

A

cell size, nutrients, growth factors and dna damage

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18
Q

where is the growth two checkpoint?

A

at the end of the growth two phase before the start of the mitotic phase

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19
Q

what happens at the growth two checkpoint?

A

checks for any errors in the dna and if it is the correct size

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20
Q

where is the metaphase checkpoint?

A

point in mitosis where all the chromosomes should be attached to the spindle and have aligned

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21
Q

what does the metaphase checkpoint check?

A

that the chromosomes are asembled correctly

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22
Q

what are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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23
Q

what happens during the prophase in mitosis?

A

chromosomes condense and become visible in the nucleus. each chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centre by a centromere. nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane begins to break down. a pair of centrioles move to either side of the cell. spindle fibres move chromosomes toward the centre of the cell

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24
Q

what happens during the metaphase in mitosis?

A

spindle apparatus are completely formed and chromosomes are lined up in the centre

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25
Q

what happens during the anaphase in mitosis?

A

centromeres divide into two and spindle fires begin to shorten. this pulls the sister chromatids towards the opposite poles

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26
Q

what happens during the telophase in mitosis

A

chromatids have reached the poles of the cell, forming chromosomes. the spindle apparatus breaks down and the nuclear membrane reforms. chromosomes uncoil back to their chromatin state and the nucleolus reappears in each nucleus

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27
Q

how does cytokinesis happen in animal cells?

A

a cleavage furrow forms around the middle of the cell. the cell surface membrane is pulled inwards by the cytoskeleton, until it is close enough to fuse around the middle, forming 2 cells

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28
Q

how does cytokinesis happen in plant cells?

A

they can’t form a cleavage because they have cell walls. vesicles from golgi apparatus begin to assemble in the same place as where the metaphase plate was formed. the vesicles fuse with each other and the cell surface membrane. new sections of the cell wall form along the new sections of the membrane

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29
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

chromosome pairs that are the same length, have the same centromere position and have the same genes

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30
Q

what are alleles?

A

different versions of the same genes

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31
Q

what are the 9 stages of meiosis?

A

prophase one, metaphase one, anaphase one, telophase one, prophase two, metaphase two, anaphase two, telophase two and cytokinesis

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32
Q

what happens during the prophase one in meiosis?

A

chromosomes condense and thicken to become visible. homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing can occur (swapping genetic information)

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33
Q

what happens during the metaphase one in meiosis?

A

homologous chromosomes line up on the equator of the spindle fibres (independent assortment of homologous chromosomes - pairs are randomly lined up at the equator)

34
Q

what happens during the anaphase one in meiosis?

A

spindle fibres contract and chromosome pairs are separated

35
Q

what happens during the telophase one in meiosis?

A

chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles of the cell to form 2 daughter cells

36
Q

what happens during the prophase two in meiosis?

A

chromosomes in each daughter cell prepare to migrate to spindle fibres

37
Q

what happens during the metaphase two in meiosis?

A

the chromosomes at each pole of the cell line up along the spindle fibres (chromatids are randomly moving)

38
Q

what happens during the anaphase two in meiosis?

A

spindle fibres contract and sister chromatids are pulled towards the opposite poles

39
Q

what happens during the telophase two in meiosis?

A

chromatids arrive at opposite poles to form 4 daughter cells

40
Q

what happens during the cytokinesis in meiosis?

A

the cytoplasm divides into 4 daughter cells

41
Q

why does mitosis occur?

A

the development of embryos and replacing damaged cells

42
Q

what is meant by a differentiated cell?

A

it is specialised to carry out a very specific function

43
Q

what is an erythocyte?

A

red blood cells which transport oxygen around the body

44
Q

how is an erythocyte specialised?

A

biconcave shape gives a higher surface area to volume ratio, there is no nucleus so there is more space and it is flexible so it can fit through capillaries

45
Q

what is a neutrophilis?

A

a type of white blood cell that has an essential role in the immune system

46
Q

how is a neutrophilis specialised?

A

multi-lobed nucleus which allows it to squeeze through small gaps and many lysosomes that contain enzymes to attack pathogens

47
Q

what are sperm cells?

A

male gametes that deliver genetic information to the female gamete

48
Q

how is a sperm cell specialised?

A

has a tail for movement, a lot of mitochondria for energy to swim and digestive enzymes are released to digest the layers of the ovum

49
Q

what is a palisade cell?

A

in the mesophyll, where photosynthesis takes place

50
Q

how is a palisade cell specialised?

A

has a lot of chloroplasts to absorb a lot of light, it is rectangular so it is closely packed, has large vacuoles to maintain turgor pressure and the chloroplasts move to make sure more light is absorbed

51
Q

what is a root hair cell?

A

on the surfaces of roots to take up water and minerals from the soil to the plant

52
Q

how is a root hair cell specialised?

A

have long extensions to increase the surface area and increases the amount of water and minerals absorbed

53
Q

what is a guard cell?

A

control the size of the stomata to prevent water loss and intake carbon dioxide

54
Q

how is a guard cell adapted?

A

the cell walls are thicker on one side so it doesn’t change shape symmetrically as its volume changes

55
Q

what is the squamous epithelium tissue?

A

allows diffusion of oxygen into the blood from the lungs

56
Q

what is the ciliated epithelium tissue?

A

lines the trachea to prevent particles and pathogens into the respiratory

57
Q

how is the squamous epithelium tissue adapted?

A

it is one cell thick which means for faster and easier diffusion

58
Q

how is the ciliated epithelium adapted?

A

hair-like structures means they move in a rhythmic pattern

59
Q

what is cartilage tissue?

A

prevents bones rubbing together and causing damage

60
Q

how is the cartilage tissue adapted?

A

contains fibres of proteins elastin and collagen meaning it is firm but flexible

61
Q

what is muscle tissue?

A

contracts and relaxes to control movement

62
Q

how is muscle tissue adapted?

A

contains microfibrils which are contractive proteins

63
Q

what is xylem tissue?

A

transports water and minerals throughout plants

64
Q

how is xylem tissue adapted?

A

cell walls have lignin which ensures it is strengthened and there is structural support for plants

65
Q

what is phloem tissue?

A

transports organic materials/nutrients

66
Q

how is phloem tissue adapted?

A

has columns of sieve tubes

67
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that don’t have a specific role

68
Q

what is meant by stem cell potency?

A

the stem cell’s ability to differentiate into different types of cells. the greater the number of cells types it can differentiate into, the higher the potency

69
Q

what type of cells can totipotent cells differentiate into?

A

any type of cell: a fertilised egg or zygote, the 8 or 16 cells from the first few mitotic divisions which are destined to produce a whole organism and into extra-embryonic tissues

70
Q

what type of cells can pluripotent cells turn into?

A

form all tissue types but not whole organisms, present in early embryos and are the origin of the different types of tissues within organisms

71
Q

what types of cells can multipotent cells turn into?

A

only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue, for example haematopoetic stem cells in bone marrow

72
Q

where are stem cells found in animal cells?

A

embryos and bone marrow

73
Q

where are stem cells found in plant cells?

A

meristematic tissue

74
Q

what type of diseases can stem cells be used to treat?

A

heart disease, type one diabetes, parkinsons disease, alzheimers disease, mascular degeneration, birth defects and spinal injuries

75
Q

how are stem cells actually being used?

A

the treatment of burns, drug trials and biology development

76
Q

how are stem cells used to treat burns?

A

stem cells grown on biodegradable meshes can produce new skin for burn patients

77
Q

how are stem cells used at drug trials?

A

potential new drugs can be tested on cultures of stem cells before being tested on animals and humans

78
Q

how can stem cells be used in the development of biology?

A

the study of changes that occur as multicellular organism grow and develop from a single cell and why things sometimes go wrong, due to their ability to divide indefinitely and differentiate into almost any cell

79
Q

what are the ethic behind stem cells?

A

many people believe life begins at contraception and therefore destroying embryos could be seen as destroying a potential life

80
Q

what is the pag for 2.1.6?

A

using a light microscope to study mitosis

81
Q

what do you need to add when drawing a microscope drawing?

A

labels, scale bar, smooth lines, sharp pencil, accurate, title, proportional, fills the space, add annotations and write the magnification

biology (10 decks)

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