Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Question 1

the functional unit of the human kidney is the:

a. nephron
b. collecting tubule (duct)
c. major calyx
d. minor calyx
e. pyramid

Answer 1

a. nephron

Question 2

one feature of the renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that :

a. blood flows from arterioles into venues
b. blood flows form venues into arterioles
c. there is a double set of venues
d. there are two sets of capillaries

Answer 2

d. there are two sets of capillaries

Question 3

which of the following has the opposite effect on urine production from the others

a. decreased solutes in blood
b. decreased blood pressure
c. increased in ambient temperature
d. dehydration
e. reduced water consumption

Answer 3

a. decreased solutes in blood

Question 4

a relatively high blood pressure in the glomerulus of the kidney is maintained because:

a. the afferent arteriole arises from the aruate artery
b. the efferent arteriole is larger than the interlobular artery
c. the glomerulus is constricted
d. the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole
e. ADH from the anterior pituitary causes vasoconstriction of the renal arteries

Answer 4

d. the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole

Question 5

if the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, what would be the next (effective) filtration pressure
Glomerular blood hydrostatic = 80 mmHg
Glomerular blood osmotic = 20 mmHg
Capsular hydrostatic = 30 mmHg
a. 40 mmHg
b. 30 mmHg
c. 20 mmHg
d. 10 mmHg

Answer 5

b. 30 mmHg

Question 6

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they:

a. have larger area of anastomosis
b. branch from and drain into arterioles
c. lack endothelium
d. force filtrate from the blood

Answer 6

b. branch from and drain into arterioles

Question 7

which of the following is not a function of the kidney:

a. water volume control
b. blood pressure control
c. urine storage
d. conversion of vitamin D to an active form

Answer 7

Urine storage

Question 8

potassium is secreted and reabsorbed by:

a. Bowman’s capsule
b. the proximal convoluted tubule
c. the loop of Henle
d. collecting ducts

Answer 8

b. the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 9

The primary receptors sensitive to the oncotic pressure of blood are found in the

a. kidney cortex
b. kidney medulla
c. hypothalamus
d. juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 9

c. hypothalamus

Question 10

water reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate initially enters (the):

a. afferent arterioles
b. efferent arterioles
c. Bowman’s capsule
d. glomerulus
e. vasa recta

Answer 10

e. vasa recta

Question 11

Plasma contains a much greater concentration of ____ than the glomerular filtrate:

a. sodium
b. protein
c. urea
d. creatinine

Answer 11

b. protein

Question 12

an increase in water permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct is due to:

a. a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone
b. an increase in the production of antidiuretic hormone
c. a decarease in blood plasma osmolality
d. an increase in water content within tubular cells
e. none of the above

Answer 12

b. an increase in the production of antidiuretic hormone

Question 13

the descending loop of the nephron allows:

a. sodium secretion
b. potassium secretion
c. hydrogen ion secretion
d. sodium diffusion inward

Answer 13

d. sodium diffusion inward

Question 14

which of the following pressures affect net glomerular filtration?

a. blood osmotic pressure opposes capsular hydrostatic and blood hydrostatic pressures
b. blood hydrostatic pressure opposes capsular hydrostatic and blood oncotic pressures
c. capsular hydrostatic pressure opposes blood osmotic and blood hydrostatic pressures
d. none of the above is correct

Answer 14

b. blood hydrostatic pressure opposes capsular hydrostatic and blood oncotic pressures

Question 15

tubular secretion is accomplished in the:

a. glomerulus
b. urethra
c. renal pelvis
d. distal convoluted tubule
e. none of the above

Answer 15

d. distal convoluted tubule

Question 16

tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that:

a. secretion adds material to the filtrate; reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate
b. secretion is a passive process; reabsorption is an active transport process
c. reabsorption tends to increase urine volume; secretion tends to decrease urine volume
d. secretion adds materials to the blood; reabsorption removes materials from the blood

Answer 16

a.secretion adds material to the filtrate; reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate

Question 17

the kidneys perform which function?

a. conserve H+, HCO-3
b. Conserve NH4
c. Eliminate H+, NH4
d. Eliminate amino acids

Answer 17

c. Eliminate H+, NH4

Question 18

if a small person excretes about 1 L of urine during a 24 hour period, estimate the total amount of glomerular filtration has been accomplished?

a. 4L
b. 10 L
c. 18 L
d. 100 L

Answer 18

d. 100 L

Question 19

which of the following should not appear in the glomerular filtrate (in any significant quantity) just after the process of glomerular filtration has been accomplished?

a. protein
b. urea
c. glucose
d. both a & b are correct

Answer 19

a. protein

Question 20

Loop of Henle is to vasa recta as convoluted tubules are to:

a. afferent arterioles
b. peritubular capillaries
c. efferent arterioles
d. renal arteries

Answer 20

b. peritubular capillaries

Question 21

The two currents used in the countercurrent exchange system are the:

a. afferent and efferent arterioles
b. glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
c. ascending and descending limbs
d. proximal and distal tubules
e. all of the above

Answer 21

c. ascending and descending limbs

Question 22

the countercurrent exchange system:

a. prevents water reabsorption from the collecting duct
b. concentrates sodium in the renal cortex
c. facilitates osmosis
d. concentrates chloride in the renal cortex
e. none of the above

Answer 22

c. facilitates osmosis

Question 23

as ambient temperature increases, what usually happens to the volume of urine production?

a. no effect at all
b. either more or less, depending on other factors
c. more urine output
d. less urine output

Answer 23

d. less urine output

Question 24

a waste product of protein metabolism is:

a. pepsinogen
b. trypsin
c. amino acid
d. urea
e. urine

Answer 24

d. urea

Question 25

1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three kinds of nephrons? 
A. Superficial cortical nephrons 
B. Midcortical nephrons 
C. Juxtamedullary nephrons 
D. Glomerular nephrons

Answer 25

D. Glomerular nephrons

Question 26

2. In the distal tubule, which cells reabsorb sodium and water but secrete potassium? 
A. Distal cells 
B. Proximal cells 
C. Principal cells 
D. Intercalated cells

Answer 26

C. Principal cells

Question 27

3. Which muscle lies between the two openings of the ureter and urethra? 
A. Micturition 
B. Detrusor 
C. Trigone 
D. Urethra

Answer 27

C. Trigone

Question 28

4. Which of the following is TRUE regarding renal blood flow?
   A. The kidneys are highly vascular organs and receive 1000 to 1200 ml of blood per minute.
   B. The kidneys receive 50% of cardiac output.
   C. The GFR is not related to renal blood flow.
   D. No autoregulation is found in renal blood flow.

Answer 28

A. The kidneys are highly vascular organs and receive 1000 to 1200 ml of blood per minute.

Question 29

5. A person experiences hypotension. Which of the following enzymes is primarily released? 
A. Renin 
B. Angiotensin I 
C. Angiotensin II 
D. Angiotensin III

Answer 29

A. Renin

Question 30

6. What is the appropriate term for when fluid moves from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma? 
A. Ultrafiltration 
B. Tubular reabsorption 
C. Tubular secretion 
D. Excretion

Answer 30

B. Tubular reabsorption

Question 31

7. Which substance controls final urine concentration? 
A. Antidiuretic hormone 
B. Renin 
C. Angiotensin I 
D. Urea

Answer 31

A. Antidiuretic hormone

Question 32

8. Which of the following is a correct finding in a normal urinalysis? 
A. pH <5 
B. Dark yellow urine 
C. Specific gravity 1.016 to 1.022 
D. Two to five red blood cells

Answer 32

C. Specific gravity 1.016 to 1.022