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Block 4 > 23 Fundamentals Of Weather And Aviation Weather Services > Flashcards

23 Fundamentals Of Weather And Aviation Weather Services Flashcards

1
Q

A cloud of gas and suspended solids extending from the earth surface out many thousands of miles. Always held by the earths gravitational pull.

A

The atmosphere

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2
Q

Atmosphere is the ______ we live in

A

Protective bubble

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3
Q

What are the five layers of the earths atmosphere. In order.

A 
Troposphere, 
stratosphere, 
mesosphere, 
thermosphere, 
exosphere
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4
Q

Which atmosphere?
Contains almost all clouds and precipitation, air pressure and density decreases with altitude, temperature generally decreases with altitude, average vertical depth is 36,000 feet.

A

Troposphere

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5
Q

What is the transition boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere?

A

Tropopause

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6
Q

What atmosphere?
Extends from the tropopause up to 31 miles above the earth’s surface, temperature increases with altitude, stable layer generally devoid of significant weather.

A

Stratosphere

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7
Q

An increase in temperature with altitude is ab normal and is defined as _____.

A

Inversion

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8
Q

Hypothetical vertical distribution of the atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density, which by international agreement is considered to be a representative of the atmosphere for pressure altimeter calibration and other purposes, 29.92 inches of mercury

A

Standard atmosphere

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9
Q

What is standard atmosphere used for?

A

Pressure altimeter calibrations,
aircraft performance calculations,
aircraft design,
weather related processes

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10
Q

What is the temperature at sea level in Celsius and Fahrenheit?

A

15°C 59°F

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11
Q

Relatively strong winds concentrated within a narrow horizontal band in the upper troposphere

A

Jet stream

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12
Q

What are the two jet streams?

A

Polar and subtropical jet stream

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13
Q

Where is the polar jetstream and the subtropical jetstream located?

A

The polar jetstream – 30° and 60° latitude,

subtropical jetstream – 20° and 40° latitude

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14
Q

The jet stream flows from _______but the flow often shifts to the ________ due to weather systems and seasonal changes

A

West to east, north and south

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15
Q

When are jetstream the strongest?

A

During winter

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16
Q

Jet streams often produced what?

A

Clear air turbulence – CAT

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17
Q

True or false

Jet streams make air traffic control separation more difficult

A

True

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18
Q

Why do jet streams make air traffic control separation more difficult?

A

They cause aircraft to move at different ground speeds

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19
Q

Which layer of the atmosphere contains almost all clouds and precipitation?

A

Troposphere

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20
Q

Which layer of the atmosphere is stable and generally devoid of significant weather?

A

Stratosphere

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21
Q

What is the value of sea level pressure in the standard atmosphere?

A

29.92 inches of mercury

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22
Q

Which two jet streams are commonly identified?

A

Polar and subtropical

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23
Q

Water in the invisible gaseous form

A

Water vapor

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24
Q

The change of liquid water into water vapor

A

Evaporation

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25
Q

The change of ice to water vapor

A

Sublimation

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26
Q

What is the raw material for clouds and precipitation?

A

Water vapor

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27
Q

Water vapor constitutes only a _____ percentage of the atmosphere, varies widely in time and space from trace amounts to _____% by volume, approximately half is found below ______ AGL

A

Small, 4%, 6500

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28
Q

Measure of the hotness or coldness of the air

A

Temperature

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29
Q

______Air can hold more water vapor than _____air

-cold/warm-

A

Warm air, cold air

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30
Q

The maximum possible quantity of water vapor that a personal air can hold at any given temperature and pressure

A

Saturation

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31
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

A

Saturated – air parcel contains all the water vapor it can hold
Unsaturated – it has the capacity to hold more

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32
Q

The temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur

A

Dewpoint

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33
Q

The ratio, usually expressed as a percentage of water vapor actually in the air compared to the amount of water vapor the air could hold at a particular temperature and pressure

A

Relative humidity

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34
Q

Relative humidity does not indicate the actual water vapor content of the air, but rather how close the air is to ______.

A

Saturation

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35
Q

Dewpoint is measured in _____

relative humidity is _____

A

Temperature, ratio

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36
Q

The difference between air temperature and dewpoint temperature is popularly called the_____.

A

Spread

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37
Q

When the temperature dewpoint spread decreases, relative humidity ______.

A

Increases

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38
Q

When the temperature dew pointspread decreases to 0, the air becomes _______, and condensation will form_____.

A

Saturated, dew or fog

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39
Q

A change of water vapor to liquid water

A

Condensation

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40
Q

A parcel of air that has the capacity to hold more water vapor is ______.

A

Unsaturated

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41
Q

When the _______decreases to zero, the air becomes ______,and condensation will form dew, fog, or clouds

A

Temperature dew point spread, saturated

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42
Q

Visible mass of tiny water droplets and or ice particles in the atmosphere above the earth surface

A

Cloud

43
Q

What forms when air is cooled to its dewpoint and become saturated?

A

Clouds form

44
Q

A parcel of ______ warms as it encounters increasing pressure and is compressed

A

Sinking air

45
Q

A cloud will quickly dissipate due to ______

A

Sinking air

46
Q

A parcel of sinking air – temperature dewpoint spread _______.
A parcel of rising air – temperature dew point spread_____.

A

Increases – decreases

47
Q

Name this cloud
High-level clouds which form above 2000 feet, usually composed of ice crystals, typically thin and white in the appearance, contains no significant icing

A

Cirriform

cloud

48
Q

Name this cloud
White fluffy cotton balls or heaps, indicates upward vertical motion or thermal uplift of air, tops can reach over 60,000 feet, they produce icing, turbulence, and other hazards

A

Cumuliform

49
Q

Name this cloud
Latin for layer or blanket, featureless low layer that can cover the sky, often produces widespread IFR weather, little or no turbulence, that can produce icing

A

Stratiform

50
Q

What is the prefix nimbo I’m o or suffix nimbus mean?

A

Raincloud

51
Q

A parcel of ______air expands and cools as pressure decreases with height

A

Rising air

52
Q

Which cloud form often produces widespread IFR weather

A

Stratiform

53
Q

Air in motion relative to the surface of the earth

A

Wind

54
Q

A maximum of atmospheric pressure on the surface weather chart; also known as an anti-cyclone

A

High

55
Q

A minimum of atmospheric pressure on a surface weather chart; also known as a cyclone

A

Low

56
Q

Airflow around a ______ diverges in a clockwise motion and sinks

A

High

57
Q

Airflow around a _______ converges in a counterclockwise motion and rises

A

Low

58
Q

High-

Sinking air _____and _____

A

Compresses and warms

59
Q

Low -

Rising air ______&_______

A

Expands and cools

60
Q

Airflow around a low _____in a counterclockwise motion and _____ causing the air to cool and eventually condense into clouds and precipitation

A

Converges, rises

61
Q

A large body of air that has similar horizontal temperature and moisture characteristics

A

Air mass

62
Q

Region where air masses originate in acquire their properties of temperature and moisture

A

Air mass source region

63
Q

Air masses are classified according to ____&____properties of their source regions

A

Temperature and moisture

64
Q

Name the three temperature properties

A

Arctic – a
polar – P
tropical – T

65
Q

Name the two moisture properties

A

Continental – C

maritime – M

66
Q

Which temperature property?

An extremely deep cold air mass which develops mostly in winter over arctic surfaces of ice and snow

A

Arctic – A

67
Q

Which temperature property?

A relatively shallow cool to cold air mass which develops over high latitudes

A

Polar – P

68
Q

Which temperature property?

A warm to hot air mass which develops over low latitudes

A

Tropical – T

69
Q

Which moisture property is this

  • A dry air mass which develops over land
  • A moist air mass which develops over water
A

Continental C

Maritime M

70
Q

Name the five air masses that can be identified on the air mass source regions chart

A 
Continental arctic – CA -Cold, dry
continental polar – CP -Cold, dry
continental tropical – CT -Hot, dry
maritime polar – MP -cool, moist
maritime tropical – MT-warm, moist
71
Q

-
-

A

Unstable air
-turbulence
– good visibility outside of Cloud
– cumuliform clouds and showers

72
Q

-
-

A

Stable air
-smooth and air
– poor visibility
– stratiform clouds, thought, drizzle

73
Q

A friend that moves in such a way that colder air replaces warmer air
What color?

A

Cold front

Blue

74
Q

A front that moves in such a way that warmer air replaces colder air
What color?

A

Warm front

Red

75
Q

A boundary or transition zone between two air masses of different density, usually different temperature

A

Front

76
Q

A front which is stationary or nearly so

What color?

A

Stationary front

Blue/red

77
Q

A composite of two fronts as a cold front overtakes a warm front or stationary front
What color?

A

Occluded front

Pink

78
Q

Which front has a steep slope and air is forced upward abruptly.

A

Cold front

79
Q

Which front typically has a gentle slope so the air rising along the front wall surface is gradual

A

Warm

80
Q

Which front?

  • narrow band of cumulus clouds, showers and thunderstorms along or just ahead of the front if the rising air is unstable
  • good visibility and turbulence
A

Cold front

81
Q

Which front?
Favors the development of widespread layered or stratiform cloudiness and participation along and a head of the front if the rising air is stable
-Poor visibility, smooth and air and steady precipitation

A

Warm front

82
Q

Which front typically moves faster than the other so in time they “catch up”

A

Cold front moves faster than warm front

83
Q

Which front?
Cold air undercuts the retreating cold air mass associated with the warm front, further lifting that already rising warm air
-combining the effects of both cold and warm front, clouds and precipitation can occur

A

Occluded front

84
Q

Which front?
Boundary between two different air masses, neither of which is strong enough to replace the other
-why variety of weather can be found along this front, usually clouds and prolonged precipitation

A

A stationary front

85
Q

A maritime tropical air mass is ____and____

A

Warm, moist

86
Q

A______ air mass moving over a _______surface often produces unstable air associated with turbulence, good visibility, cumuliform clouds, and showers

A

Cold, warm

87
Q

Which front moves in such a way that warmer air replaces colder air?

A

Warm front

88
Q

What type of front has a steep slope which often leads to a narrow band of showers and thunderstorms if the rising air is unstable?

A

Cold front

89
Q

Any of the forms of water particles, whether liquid or solid, that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground

A

Precipitation

90
Q

Precipitation formation requires what three ingredients?

A

Water vapor, lift, growth process

91
Q

What are the primary sources in the US water vapor? (4)

A

Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Gulf of Mexico, the Great Lakes

92
Q

What transports this water vapor in land?

From ocean

A

Winds

93
Q

The _______ of temperature will often determine the type of precipitation that occurs at the surface

A

Vertical distribution

94
Q

Precipitation of snow crystals, mostly branched in the form of a six pointed star

A

Snow

95
Q

What occurs when the temperature is below freezing throughout the entire depth of atmosphere

A

Snow

96
Q

What occurs when there is a shallot layer a loft with above freezing temperatures with a deep layer of below freezing air base at the surface?

A

Ice pellets

97
Q

What occurs when there is a D player a loft with above freezing temperatures, with a shallow layer of below freezing air at the surface

A

Freezing rain

98
Q

What occurs when there is a deeper layer of above freezing air based at the surface

A

Rain

99
Q

Who issues several aviation weather products such as airmets, sigmets, convective sigmets, TAF

A

NWS offices

100
Q

How many weather forecast offices are across United States?

A

122

101
Q

Center weather service units (CWSU) provide advice and other FAA facilities regarding weather impact on their:
(3)

A

Missions, equipment outages and repairs, staffing

102
Q

-

A

Center weather advisories – CWA meteorological impact statements – MIS

103
Q

What NWS entity provides consultation, forecast, and advice to air in route traffic control centers regarding weather impacts?

A

Center weather service unit(CWSU)

Block 4 (3 decks)

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