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History > 2.4 - Sino-US Relations > Flashcards

2.4 - Sino-US Relations Flashcards

1
Q

When was the crisis over Tibet?

A

1950

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2
Q

When was the Bandung Conference?

A

1955

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3
Q

When did Dean Rusk outline the US policy towards China?

A

1966

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4
Q

What are 5 reasons for poor initial relations between the US and China?

A
  • WW2 against Japan - US aid mostly to KMT, some to CCP
  • Chinese civil war - US aid to KMT
  • US refused to recognise PRC when CCP came to power
  • Chiang + Chinese nationalist fled to Taiwan - US ensured anti-communists in Taiwan would get China’s seat and not the PRC
  • US concerned about chinese development of nukes
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5
Q

What happened in the Tibet crisis?

A
  • Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) invaded Tibet
  • Mao saw as domestic issue not foreign policy issue
  • PRC saw this as the reunifying of former chinese territories
  • Tibets unhappy - US condemned PRC for expansionism + brutality
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6
Q

What was the Bandung Conference?

A

PRC state US as key danger to world peace - 29 asian + african states asserted their neutrality

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7
Q

What was US policy towards China according to Dean Rusk?

A
  • US does not seek to overthrow PRC
  • US objects to PRC involvement in affairs of other countries
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8
Q

When did Truman make it clear he had no desire to be involved in Taiwan?

A

1950

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9
Q

When did Mao shell Quemoy and Matsu?

A

1954
1958

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10
Q

What was the background to the Taiwan crisis?

A
  • KMT fled to Taiwan upon defeat
  • The Republic of China (ROC) administered Taiwan + had UN seat
  • Taiwan independence conflicted with PRC’s One China Policy
  • Truman had no desire to be involved in Taiwan
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11
Q

Why was the PRC unsure about invading Taiwan?

A

US fleet was there + US stated they would protect it after Korean war

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12
Q

What was the strategic significance of Taiwan?

A
  • Only country between China and US-backed Philippines
  • Controls islands close to mainland China
  • Occupies chinese seat in UN
  • US influence in region - e.g. can safely move troops + ships through
  • US viewed PRC as expansionist so protecting Taiwan was a priority
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13
Q

What did Mao do in 1954?

A

mao wanted to test US commitment to Taiwan who had announced it would protect Taiwan from aggression + had a Navy fleet stationed in Taiwan strait → shelled Quemoy and Matsu

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14
Q

How did the US respond to Mao shelling Quemoy and Matsu in 1954?

A

Eisenhower responded by threatening to use nukes

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15
Q

What did Mao do in 1958?

A

shelled Quemoy and Matsu again, US Navy vessels were fired at, US ready to invade china - china cease shelling + back down

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16
Q

What was the situation over Taiwan in the 1960s?

A
  • Taiwan important to PRC so they continue demanding for reunification
  • For PRC, improvement in relations with US could only be possible when Taiwan was no longer a separate state
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17
Q

What was the US foreign policy in response to the Taiwan crisis?

A
  • Aid to Taiwan, SEATO, prevention of PRC admission to UN
  • Hostility towards China in US politics
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18
Q

When was the Taiwan Relations Act?

A

1979

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19
Q

What was the Policy towards Taiwan under Carter?

A
  • Taiwan Relations Act
  • Official relations established between US + PRC
  • Sino-US Mutual Defence Treaty terminated
  • Wanted PRC on side against USSR but did not want them expanding their influence
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20
Q

When was Carter President?

A

1977-1981

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21
Q

What was the Taiwan Relations Act?

A

establishment of relations with Taiwan

22
Q

What was the US policy towards Taiwan under Reagan?

A
  • US remain committed to Taiwan Relations Act
  • US will place no pressure on Taiwan to negotiate with PRC
  • No end date for arms sales to Taiwan
23
Q

When was Reagan President?

A

1981-1989

24
Q

Why did the US dislike the PRC during the Korean War?

A

US believed Stalin + Mao directed n.K to invade south (PRC not acc concerned with Korea - focused on Taiwan and Tibet)

25
Q

Why did the PRC dislike the US during the Korean War?

(5 points)

A
  • Mao said south were the aggressors, US said north
  • PRC said US troops were imperialist invaders
  • PRC declared war when US cross 38th parallel
  • Millions of chinese fight in Korea
  • Open conflict between US + PRC, open hostility, PRC weakened + not supported by USSR so emerged as independent
26
Q

When did the PRC push back US forces from the Yalu river back to the 38th parallel?

A

1950

27
Q

What impact did Korea have on Sino-US relations?

A
  • PRC push back US forces - Mao now less scared of US military
  • New superpower entered the world (China) - US feared possible USSR ally
  • US stated after Korean War they would protect Korea - ensure Sino-US relations would always be poor
  • PRC + USSR could see couldn’t trust US saying they wouldn’t intervene (e.g. Dean Acheson stated ‘Korea is outside of our perimeter)
  • NSC-68 recommended US expand militarily + develop hydrogen bombs
28
Q

What was the impact of Vietnam on Sino-US relations?

A
  • 1954 Indochina peace talks - PRC involved, US didn’t want them there
  • Dulles didn’t acknowledge PRC representative Zhou
  • PRC called US imperialist + claimed UN controlled by imperialists
29
Q

When was Nixon supporting Chiang and why?

A

1960 during presidential campaign

30
Q

When did Nixon and Kissinger promise Taiwan not to make any promises with Mao?

A

1970

31
Q

When did Kissinger have a secret meeting with Zhou?

A

July 1971

32
Q

When did Kissinger accept recognition of the PRC?

A

1971

33
Q

When did Zhou, Nixon and Mao have a summit?

A

february 1972

34
Q

When was the Shanghai Communiqué?

A

1972

35
Q

Why was triangular diplomacy important for the US?

A

Kissinger said it was better for the US to be closer to Moscow or Peking than either was to the other

36
Q

How did relations improve during Détente?

A
  • Nixon supported Chiang in 1960 presidential campaign (Nixon now president)
  • Initially Nixon drove rapprochement as Kissinger had little interest in China but eventually K accepted recognition of PRC
37
Q

What happened at the secret meeting in july 1971?

A

secret meeting with Zhou about Taiwan - Kissinger meets him - Kissinger promises to pull out ⅔ of troops in Taiwan when the Vietnam war ends

38
Q

What is an example of Sino-US relations improving during Détene?

A

1972 summit - Zhou, Nixon, Mao - end 23yrs of hostility - most major anti-US propaganda in China was removed, Soviets clearly concerned - just 4 months later Nixon goes to Moscow to negotiate SALT I

39
Q

What were 5 outcomes of Triangular Diplomacy?

A
  • SALT I
  • Shanghai Communiqué
  • The Camp David Accords
  • Speeds up Vietnam negotiations + withdrawal from Vietnam for the US
  • Policy abandoned as Detente becomes unpopular
40
Q

What was the Shanghai Communiqué?

A

confirm US + China will continue improving relations

41
Q

What were the Camp David Accords?

A

political agreements between Egypt and Israel, forces USSR to negotiate with US - egypt eventually leaves soviet sphere of influence

42
Q

What was the name of the political agreements between Egypt and Israel?

A

The Camp David Accords

43
Q

What are 5 reasons why the US wanted Détente with PRC?

A
  • Wanted PRC help to leave Vietnam
  • PRC developed ICBM capability so US concerned + wanted good relations
  • US wanted to reduce commitments in Asia
  • Nixon wanted to deal with countries based on their actions not ideology as he realised communist movements were not as monolithic as initially suspected
  • Sino-US relations put pressure on Soviets, making negotiations over Vietnam easier
44
Q

When did the PRC block bangladesh from joining the UN?

A

1971

45
Q

What are 5 reasons why China wanted détente with the US?

A
  • Saw US as main rival in 60s and 70s so wanted to reduce tensions
  • China could benefit e.g. UN membership, Taiwan, US withdrawal from Vietnam
  • Improve PRC position in third world
  • PRC got veto power in UNSC e.g. blocked Bangladesh joining
  • Improving US relations impacted Japanese relations → China + Japan signed friendship treaty
46
Q

When did China and Japan sign a friendship treaty?

A

1978

47
Q

When was the Tiananmen Square Incident?

A

1989

48
Q

When did China agree to join the Nuclear Non-proliferation treaty?

A

1991

49
Q

What was the Tiananmen Square incident?

A

Pro-democracy protests in Beijing were violently crushed by Chinese government

50
Q

What was the result of the Tiananmen Square incident?

A
  • Abuse of human rights led to many protests in western countries
  • However, China was only condemned, no economic sanctions were placed - US didn’t want to damage trade links with the PRC
51
Q

How was the Cold War able to end for China?

A

China focused on establishing economic power rather than focusing on ideological concerns

52
Q

What did China do in 1991?

A

agreed to join nuclear non-proliferation treaty

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