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CompTIA A+ 1101 (Core 1) (In Progress) > 2.5 Given a scenario, install & configure basic wired/wireless SOHO networks > Flashcards

2.5 Given a scenario, install & configure basic wired/wireless SOHO networks Flashcards

1
Q

What is a protocol?

A

Rules for structured data communication among networked hosts

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2
Q

What are protocols often designed for?

A

Working together as a protocol suite

Most networks have converged on the use of the TCP/IP suite.

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3
Q

Why is the TCP/IP suite divided into layers?

A

To better understand the function of each protocol

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4
Q

In the TCP/IP, what does each lower protocol do?

A

Encapsulate data from higher-layer protocols

As data moves down the protocol stack, lower-layer protocols add their own headers before transmitting it

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5
Q

List the 4 layers of the TCP/IP suite

A
  1. Application
  2. Transport
  3. Internet
  4. Link (Network Interface)
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6
Q

Purpose of TCP/IP’s link layer?

A

Putting frames onto the physical network

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7
Q

Which TCP/IP layer does not contain a TCP/IP protocol?

A

Link (Network interface) layer

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8
Q

What is used at the TCP/IP’s link layer?

A

Local networking products & media

i.e. Ethernet or Wi-Fi

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9
Q

What TCP/IP layer do WAN interfaces work at?

i.e. DSL & cable modems

A

Link (Network interface) layer

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9
Q

Where does communication on the TCP/IP’s link layer take place?

A

Only on a local network segment

Not between different networks

On an Ethernet or Wi-Fi segment, data at the link layer is packed into frames; node interfaces are identified by a MAC address

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10
Q

Purpose of TCP/IP’s Internet layer?

A

Provide packet addressing & routing within a network of networks

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11
Q

What is an “end system host”?

A

Device that can communicate on an IP network

i.e. PC, laptop, mobile device, server, etc.

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12
Q

How is data from one IP network sent to another?

A

By being forwarded by an intermediate system

(A router)

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13
Q

What’s required when IP is used with a physical/data link specification?

Like Ethernet or Wi-Fi

A

Mechanism to send packets from Internet layer to Link layer to reach destination

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14
Q

How are packets sent from the Internet layer to the Link layer to reach their destination?

A

Using ARP

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15
Q

Meaning of ARP?

A

Address Resolution Protocol

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16
Q

What does ARP do?

A

Allows a host to query which MAC address is associated with an IP address

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17
Q

What kind of delivery does IP provide?

A

Unreliable & connectionless delivery

A packet may be lost, delivered out of sequence, duplicated, or delayed

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18
Q

Purpose of TCP/IP’s Transport layer?

A

Manages multiple connections for different application layer protocols

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19
Q

How is the TCP/IP’s Transport layer protocol implemented?

A

Via TCP or UDP protocol

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20
Q

What kind of packet delivery does TCP provide?

A

Connection-oriented packet delivery

TCP identifies & recovers lost or out-of-order packets, enhancing IP reliability. This is crucial for TCP/IP application protocols to prevent data errors.

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21
Q

What kind of packet delivery does UDP provide?

A

Connectionless packet delivery

UDP provides unreliable packet delivery

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22
Q

Which Transport layer protocol is faster?

A

UDP

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23
Q

Why is UDP faster than TCP?

A

Doesn’t need to send extra data to establish reliable connections

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24
Q

When is UDP used over TCP?

A

In time-sensitive applications where packet loss is tolerable

i.e. speech or video. Rather than causing the app to crash, they would just manifest as a glitch in video or a squeak in audio

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25
Q

What does the TCP/IP’s Application layer contain?

A

Protocols that perform a high-level function

Rather than simply addressing hosts & transporting data

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26
Q

What are Application protocols used for?

A

Configure & manage networks hosts & to operate services

services like web & email

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27
Q

What does each application protocol use?

A

TCP or UDP port to connect clients to a server

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28
Q

What are the 2 most important fields in an IP packet?

A

Source & destination IP address

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29
Q

2 versions of IP?

A
  • IPv4
  • IPv6
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30
Q

How long are IPv4 addresses?

A

32 bits

In its raw form, it appears as 11000000101010000000000000000001. These 32 bits can be divided into 4 groups of 8 bits, known as “octets”. The IP address is rearranged as 11000000 10101000 00000000 00000001, which is easier to read in dotted decimal notation (192.168.0.1).

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31
Q

What is the range of an IPv4 address?

A

0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

However some addresses are not permitted or are reserved for special use

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32
Q

What 2 pieces of information do IPv4 addresses provide?

A
  • Network ID
  • Host ID
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33
Q

What does the Network ID in an IPv4 address identify?

A

The network to which a device belongs

The network ID is common to all hosts on the same IP network

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34
Q

What does the host ID in an IPv4 address identify?

A

A host within an IP network

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35
Q

How is the host & network ID in an IPv4 address distinguished?

A

Via network prefix

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36
Q

What is a network prefix?

A

A 32-bit value with a contiguous set of 1s

i.e. a prefix with 24 bits means: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000. The prefix can be written in slash notation in the form /24

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37
Q

What is the dotted decimal expression of a network prefix called?

i.e. 255.255.255.0

A

Subnet mask

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38
Q

Purpose of the network prefix (subnet mask) when paired with an IP address?

A

To mask the Host ID to reveal the Network ID portion

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39
Q

What does each binary 1 indicate in a subnet mask?

A

The corresponding bit in the IP address belongs to the Network ID

A subnet mask, like 255.255.255.0 (binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000), works with an IP address like 192.168.1.100 (binary: 11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100). Wherever the subnet mask has a 1, that part of the IP address is for the network, and where it has a 0, it’s for the host. So, in this case, the network ID is 192.168.1.0, and the host ID is 0.0.0.100.

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40
Q

What does this slash notation mean?

192.168.0.0/24

A

The first 24 bits represent the network ID

The network ID would be 192.168.0.

The last .0 is reserved as the network address, and .255 is often reserved as the broadcast address. So, for example, 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.254 would be assignable host addresses within the 192.168.0.0/24 network

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41
Q

What is slash notation often used for?

i.e. 192.168.0.0/24

A

To refer to network IDs

i.e. 192.168.0.0/24 refers to an IP network

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42
Q

What is a subnet mask often used for?

i.e. 255.255.255.0

A

Host configuration dialogs

i.e. 192.168.0.1/255.255.255.255 refers to a host address on that IP network

43
Q

What happens when a host sends a packet via IPv4?

A

IPv4 compares source & destination IP address against the sending host’s subnet mask

In this example, the host recognizes the destination IPv4 address as local (192.168.0.0/24) and attempts local delivery. For Ethernet, it employs ARP to find the MAC address linked with the destination IP address.
44
Q

What does IPv4 do if the masked portion of source & destination addresses don’t match?

A

Host assumes the packet must be routed to another IP network

In this scenario, host 192.168.0.100 realizes the destination IPv4 address belongs to a different IP network (192.168.1.0/24). Accordingly, it forwards the packet to a router instead of attempting local delivery.
45
Q

What is the default gateway?

A

IP address of a router interface

Most hosts are configured with a default gateway parameter

46
Q

What do hosts default gateways for?

A

To forward packets to other networks

47
Q

What is a requirement for a host to use a gateway address?

A

Both must be on the same IP network

48
Q

What are “Private IPv4 addresses” also referred to as?

A

RFC 1918

They’re referred to that after the document in which they were published

49
Q

What happens if hosts have a private IPv4 address?

A

Not allowed to route traffic over the public Internet

50
Q

What is the use of private IPv4 addresses confined to?

A

Private LANs

51
Q

3 private IPv4 address ranges?

A
  • Class A
  • Class B
  • Class C
52
Q

Class A private IPv4 address range?

A

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

53
Q

Class B private IPv4 address range?

A

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

54
Q

Class C private IPv4 address range?

A

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

55
Q

What is the typical subnet mask for Class A private IPv4 addresses?

A

255.0.0.0

The network prefix for this is /8

56
Q

What is the typical subnet mask for Class B private IPv4 addresses?

A

255.255.0.0

The network prefix for this is /16

57
Q

What is the typical subnet mask for Class C private IPv4 addresses?

A

255.255.255.0

The network prefix for this is /24

58
Q

2 ways hosts using a private addressing scheme can access the Internet?

A
  • Via router with a single or block of valid public addresses
  • Via proxy server

Proxy server can fulfill requests for Internet resource on behalf of clients

59
Q

How does a router convert between private & public IP addresses?

A

Using NAT

60
Q

Meaning of NAT?

A

Network Address Translation

61
Q

Minimum configuration a host needs to communicate on an IPv4 network?

A

IP address & subnet mask

An IPv4 address & subnet mask can be set manually in a static configuration

This minimum setup isn’t very usable. More configurations are needed for a host to fully utilize a network or the Internet

62
Q

What addresses can a host not be assigned with in an IP network?

A

The first or last address

i.e. in the IP network 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.0.0 is the first address & 192.168.0.255 is the last address

63
Q

What is the first address in an IP network used for?

i.e. in the IP network 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.0.0 is the first address

A

To identify the network itself

64
Q

What is the last address in an IP network used for?

i.e. in the IP network 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.0.255 is the last address

A

To broadcast to all hosts

65
Q

What is the valid host address range in 192.168.0.0/24?

A

192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.254

66
Q

2 other parameters that make a host fully functional in an IPv4 network?

Besides an IP address & subnet mask

A
  • Default gateway
  • DNS server(s) addresse(s)
67
Q

What happens if a host is not configured with a default gateway?

A

Host can only communicate within the LAN

68
Q

What is the primary DNS server address usually configured as?

A

The same as the gateway address

The router would be configured to forward DNS queries to a secure resolver. Often, 2 DNS server addresses are specified for redundancy

69
Q

What does static addressing requires?

A

Admin to manually enter config. info for each computer/host

Admin must keep track of which IP addresses have been allocated to avoid issuing duplicates

70
Q

What happens if a host shifts to a new subnet with static addressing?

A

Admin must manually reconfigure it

Manually configuring IP addresses for every node in a large network is time-consuming and error-prone, risking communication disruptions

71
Q

What are static IP addresses typically only assigned to?

A

Systems with a dedicated functionality

i.e. router interfaces or application server that need to use a fixed IP address

72
Q

What is an alternative to static network configuration?

A

DHCP server

A host can receive its IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, & DNS server addresses

73
Q

What occurs if a host can’t reach a DHCP server for network setup?

A

Uses an APIPA/link-local address

74
Q

Meaning of APIPA?

A

Automatic Private IP Addressing

75
Q

What is the range of an APIPA/link-local address?

A

169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254

76
Q

What can a host with an APIPA/link-local address do?

A

Communicate with other hosts on the LAN using an APIPA/link-local address

77
Q

What CAN’T a host do with an APIPA/link-local address?

A

Can’t reach other networks or communicate with hosts with a valid DHCP lease

78
Q

Which vendor uses the term APIPA rather than “link-local”?

A

Microsoft

Other vendors & open-source products use the term “link local”

79
Q

What may a host do if it can’t reach a DHCP server but doesn’t use APIPA/link-local addressing?

A

May leave the IP unconfigured or use the 0.0.0.0 IP address

it would use 0.0.0.0 to indicate that the IPv4 address of the interface is not known

80
Q

What interfaces does a SOHO router have?

A
  • Public digital modem interface
  • Private Ethernet interface

The public digital modem is used to connect to the ISP. Ethernet is for LAN

81
Q

What must both interfaces of a SOHO router be configured with?

Both interfaces = Public digital modem interface & private Ethernet interface

A

An IP address & subnet mask

82
Q

Which SOHO router interface is used by hosts as the default gateway parameter?

A

LAN interface

This address is also used to access the router’s web management interface (i.e. https://192.168.0.1)

83
Q

What is a router’s public interface IP address determined by?

A

ISP

It must be a valid public IP address. Internet service providers sometimes assign a static IP or offer it as an option for an additional fee. Otherwise, the public interface gets dynamically configured using the ISP’s DHCP server.

84
Q

3 ways to tell if an IPv4 address is public?

A
  • Not from a private range
  • Doesn’t start with a 0
  • Not a value of 224.x.y.z or above

Private range like 10.x.y.z, 172.16-32.x.y, or 192.168.0-255.x

The values 224.x.y.x & above is reserved for other types of addressing schemes

85
Q

How to configure a SOHO router?

A
  • Connect computer to router
  • Load the device’s management URL on browser

Computer can be connected to router via RJ45 port or wireless network

The management URL could be an IP address or host/domain name (i.e. http://192.168.0.1 or http://www.routerlogin.com

86
Q

What to do if you can’t connect to a router’s device management URL?

The management URL could be an IP address or host/domain name (i.e. http://192.168.0.1 or http://www.routerlogin.com

A

Verify if the computer’s IP address matches the router’s LAN IP range

87
Q

Where to find the router’s default credentials for management software?

(The default username & password)

A

Documentation or printed on a sticker on the router

The management software will prompt you to choose a new administrator password

88
Q

How many bits are in a IPv6 address?

A

128

89
Q

What can one hexadecimal digit express?

A

4-bit binary value

i.e. hex A = 1010

90
Q

How is an IPv6 address constructed?

A

is divided into 8 double-byte values separated by colons

2001:0db8:0000:0000:0abc:0000:def0:1234

91
Q

2 ways to shorten an IPv6 address?

A
  • Ignore leading 0’s
  • Replace contiguous series of 0s with a double colon (::)

2001:0db8:0000:0000:0abc:0000:def0:1234 –> 2001:db8::abc:0:def0:1234

92
Q

How is the network & host ID identified in an IPv6 address?

A
  • First 64 bits = Network ID
  • Last 64 bits = Host ID

i.e. in 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0abc:0000:def0:1234, the Network ID is 2001:0db8:0000:0000 & the Host ID is 0abc:0000:def0:1234

93
Q

Why dont IPv6 address need a subnet mask?

A

The Network & host portions are a fixed size

94
Q

What does prefix notation in IPv6 represent?

i.e. /32

A

The length of the routing prefix in bits

The length of the network prefix in IPv6 determines whether addresses belong to the same network. ISPs often assign /48 prefixes to customers for private networks, allowing up to 65,346 subnets to be configured.

95
Q

2 types of IPv6 addresses IPv6 interfaces may be configured with?

A
  • Global address
  • Link-local address

IPv6 interfaces are more likely to be configured with multiple addresses

While it’s possible to configure IPv6 addresses statically, most hosts obtain a global & link-local address via local router

96
Q

What are IPv6 global addresses used for?

A

Communicating over the Internet

This is the equivalent to IPv4 public addresses

97
Q

What hex digit do IPv6 global addresses start with?

A

2 or 3

i.e. 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

98
Q

What are IPv6 link-local addresses used for?

A

Communication between devices on the same LAN

99
Q

What do IPv6 link-local addresses start with?

A

fe80::

100
Q

What is SLAAC?

SLAAC = StateLess Address Auto Configuration

A

IPv6 autoconfiguration method where devices assign their own addresses without a central server

Central server like DHCP server

101
Q

How do IPv6 hosts obtain a global & link-local address via router?

A

Through SLAAC

102
Q

What network configuration do IPv6 hosts not need?

A

Default gateway

103
Q

3 reasons IPv6 uses the Neighor Discovery (ND) protocol?

A
  • To implement SLAAC
  • Allow a host to discover a router
  • Performs interface address query

“Performs interface address query” refers to a similar process to ARP in IPv4, where a device queries for the link-layer address (MAC address) associated with a specific IPv6 address on the LAN

104
Q

What does a Dual Stack device refer to?

A

Device that can operate IPv4 & IPv6 simultaneously

A host first tries to establish an IPv6 connection and switches to IPv4 if the destination doesn’t support IPv6

CompTIA A+ 1101 (Core 1) (In Progress) (20 decks)

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