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26-27 Flashcards

1
Q

a segment of a DNA molecule that carries
the sequence of bases that directs the synthesis of one particular protein or RNA

A

gene

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2
Q

the information is copied from DNA
onto mRNA by complementary base pairing. There
are also start and stop signals.

A

transcription

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2
Q

information stored in the DNA is transcribed
onto RNA and then expressed in the synthesis of a
protein molecule

A

transcription and translation

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3
Q

enzyme that synthesizes RNA

A

RNA polymerase

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4
Q

strung out along the ribosomes

A

mRNA

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5
Q

carries the individual amino acids

A

Transfer RNA

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6
Q

that pairs up with the codon

A

anticodon

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6
Q

sequence of three bases (a triplet) on mRNA constitutes a

A

codon

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7
Q

two tRNA molecules are aligned at adjacent
sites, the amino acids that they carry are linked by
an enzyme, forming a

A

peptide bond

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8
Q

No protein is found in the area where the peptide
synthesis is catalyzed

A

ribosome is a
ribozyme

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8
Q

provides the correspondence
between a codon and an amino acid

A

genetic code

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8
Q

given codon
will specify only one

A

amino acid

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9
Q

Several of the steps of translation require an input
of energy in the form of

A

GTP

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9
Q

Protein synthesis takes place in four stages

A

activation, initiation, elongation, and termination

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9
Q

have initiator and conserved sequences

A

Promoters

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10
Q

Ribosomes have three sites

A

the A site, the P site, and the E site.

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11
Q

are nucleotide sequences far removed
from the transcription sites.

A

Enhancers

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11
Q

A number of mechanisms for gene regulation exist on
both the

A

transcriptional level and the translational
level.

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11
Q

A change in the sequence of bases is called a

A

mutation.

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12
Q

Chemicals that cause mutations are called

A

mutagens

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12
Q

bind to the promoter, thereby
regulating the rate of transcription

A

Transcription factors

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13
Q

act after translation is completed

A

chaperones

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13
Q

translational controls act during translation

A

release factors

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14
Q

Mutations can be caused by an

A

internal mistake or
induced by chemicals or radiation

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14
Q

A mutation may

A

cause no change in the amino acid sequence

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15
Q

can be spliced into a bacterial plasmid

A

human gene

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15
Q

spliced into a bacterial plasmid

A

recombinant DNA technique

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15
Q

the process by which genes are
inserted into cells

A

Genetic engineering

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16
Q

The bacteria, when multiplied, can then transmit this
new information to the daughter cells so that the
ensuing generations of bacteria can manufacture

A

human insulin

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17
Q

a technique whereby a missing gene
is replaced using a viral vector

A

Gene therapy

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18
Q

cells are removed from a
patient, given the missing gene, and then the cells
are given back to the patient

A

ex vivo

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18
Q

the patient is given the virus
directly

A

in vivo

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18
Q

sum total of all the chemical reactions involved
in maintaining the dynamic state of cells is called

A

metabolism

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18
Q

breaking down of molecules

A

catabolism

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18
Q

building up of molecules

A

anabolism

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18
Q

metabolic activities in cells take place in
specialized structures called

A

organelles.

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18
Q

are the organelles in which the reactions of the common catabolic pathway take place

A

Mitochondria

18
Q

Mitochondria

A

common catabolic pathway take place

18
Q

high chemical-energy-storing molecule

A

ATP

19
Q

principal carriers in the common catabolic pathway are as follows

A

ATP is a phosphate carrier; CoA
is the C2 fragment carrier; and NAD1 and FAD carry
the hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons. The unit
common to all of these carriers is ADP

19
Q

phosphate carrier

A

ATP

19
Q

is the C2 fragment carrier

A

CoA

20
Q

carry
the hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons

A

NAD+ and FAD

20
Q

common to all of these carriers is

A

ADP

21
Q

C2 fragment first combines with a C4 fragment (oxaloacetate) to yield a C6 fragment (citrate)

A

citric acid cycle

21
Q

oxaloacetate

A

C4

21
Q

citrate

A

C6

22
Q

enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the

A

mitochondrial matrix

22
Q

oxidative phosphorylation take place in the

A

mitochondria

23
Q

enzymes of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are located

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

23
Q

enzymes
of the citric acid cycle are found in the

A

mitochondrial
matrix

24
Q

makes one ATP molecule for each two H1 ions
that enter the mitochondrion

A

proton-translocating ATPase

25
Q

For each NADH H1 coming from the citric acid
cycle, ___ ATP molecules are formed

A

three

25
Q

For each
FADH2, ____ ATP molecules are formed

A

two

26
Q

For each C2 fragment that enters the citric
acid cycle, ___ ATP molecules are produced

A

12

26
Q

ATP is quickly hydrolyzed, usually within a

A

minute

27
Q

the information contained in DNA molecules is transferred to RNA molecules, and then from
the RNA molecules the information is expressed in the structure of proteins

A

central dogma of molecular biology

27
Q

The activation
of a gene to produce a specific
protein; it involves both
transcription and translation

A

Gene expression

27
Q

The process in
which information encoded in a
DNA molecule is copied into an
mRNA molecule

A

Transcription

28
Q

turning on or activation of a gene

A

Gene expression

28
Q

carries the message from the nucleus to the site
of protein synthesis

A

messenger RNA

29
Q

transcribed information from the DNA is carried out from the nucleus by

A

messenger RNA

29
Q

The process in which
information encoded in an mRNA
molecule is used to assemble a
specific protein

A

Translation

30
Q

language of nucleotides must be translated into the language of

A

amino acids.

31
Q

translation is done by

A

transfer RNA

32
Q

transcription takes place in the

A

nucleus

33
Q

lower organisms (prokaryotes), there is no nucleus and thus transcription
and translation occur simultaneously in the

A

cytoplasm

34
Q

The strand of
DNA that serves as the template
during RNA synthesis

A

Template strand

35
Q

The strand of
DNA with a sequence that
matches the RNA produced
during transcription

A

Coding strand

35
Q

antisense strand

A

Template strand

35
Q

eukaryotic gene has two major parts

A

structural gene, regulatory

36
Q

sense strand

A

Coding strand

36
Q

transcribed into RNA

A

structural gene

37
Q

portion that controls the
transcription

A

a regulatory

38
Q

fMet–tRNAf Met, 30S ribosome, initiation factors, mRNA with
Shine–Dalgarno sequence, 50S ribosome, GTP

A

Initiation

38
Q

antisense drug

A

Vitravene

38
Q

are chemically modified
strands of short stretches of DNA that are either the same as the
template DNA strand or exactly opposite—hence “anti”—the
coding, or “sense” strand of a mRNA

A

Antisense drugs

39
Q

Amino acids, ATP, tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

A

Activation

39
Q

30S and 50S ribosomes, aminoacyl-tRNAs, elongation factors,
mRNA, GTP

A

Elongation

40
Q

amino acids that are not building blocks of proteins

A

citrulline and ornithine

40
Q

Release factors, GTP

A

Termination

40
Q

form a complex with RNA polymerase and the DNA and help to position the
RNA polymerase correctly and stimulate the initiation of transcription

A

general transcription factor (GTF)

41
Q

two other prominent transcription factors exist

A

helix-turn-helix and leucine zipper

41
Q

gene that in one way or another participates
in the development of cancer

A

oncogene

41
Q

can be caused by a variety of agents: chemical
carcinogen

A

Malignant tumors

42
Q

normal EGF gene in the normal cell was turned into
an oncogene, we call it

A

proto-oncogene

42
Q

known tumor suppressor genes

A

36

43
Q

inner nonmembranous portion of a mitochondrion

A

matrix

43
Q

GTP

A

guanosine triphosphate

43
Q

baffles

A

cristae

44
Q

electron transport is
accompanied by an accumulation
of protons in the intermembrane
space of the mitochondrion, which
in turn creates osmotic pressure;
the protons driven back to the
mitochondrion under this
pressure generate ATP

A

Chemiosmotic theory

45
Q

Chemiosmotic theory

A

Peter Mitchell

B (15 decks)

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