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Bot Med - Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the common cold?

A 
Viral infection (typically rhinoviruses and coronaviruses) of the upper
respiratory tract presenting with:
• runny nose (rhinitis)
• sore-throat
• cough
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2
Q

herbal actions to treat the common cold?

A
  • adaptogen
  • immunostimulants
  • antimicrobrials
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3
Q

herbs useful for treatment of common cold?

A
  • purple cone flower (Echinacea angustifolium)

* goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

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4
Q

What increases the risk of infection (common cold)?

A

Stress - decreases immune function and increases the risk of infection.

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5
Q

What does an adaptogen do?

A

Increases the ability of the body to cope with stress and prevent infection.

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6
Q

In TCM what do adaptogenic herbs nourish? (why?)

A
  • lung (immunomodulating, anticancer)
  • spleen (stomachic)
  • kidneys (aphrodisiac)
  • heart (sedative)
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7
Q

when would one use an adaptogenic herb?

A
  • stress

* prevent colds & flus

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8
Q

what is the most important adaptogenic lung tonic?

A

Huang Qi (Astragalus membranaceus)

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9
Q

What does Huang qi (Astragalus membranaceus: Astragalus propinquus) do?

A

increases the ability of the body to cope with stress.

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10
Q

what are the actions of Huang qi?

A
  • adaptogen
  • immunomodulating / immunostimulating
  • antiviral
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11
Q

when would one use Huang qi? (think TCM)

A 
Used as a lung and spleen tonic in TCM formulas for:
• stress
• colds & flu prevention
• fatigue
• cancer
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12
Q

What is the “change of season soup”?

A

classic formula taken to prevent illness in the
spring and fall
• Huang Qi (Astragalus membranaceus) root
• Dang Shen (Codonopsis pilosula) root
• Chinese yam (Dioscorea spp.) root
• Golgi or Lycii berries (Lycium barbarum)

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13
Q

What is a caution regarding huang qi?

A

Contra-indicated during an acute infections.

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14
Q

What is an immunostimulant?

A

Stimulates the immune system to increase the body’s ability to combat
infection.

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15
Q

When would one use an immunostimulant?

A

infection

cancer

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16
Q

what herbs contain immunostimulant properties?

A
  • purple cone flower (Echinacea angustifolium )

* Canadian ginseng (Panax quinquifoloim) = ColdFx

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17
Q

What are the actions of purple cone flower (echinacea angustifolium)

A
  • immunostimulant

* antiinflammatory

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18
Q

when would one use purple cone flower?

A
  • infections

* cancer

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19
Q

what are the phytochemicals in purple cone flower?

A
  • echinoside (e.g. phenylpropanoids glycosides)
  • alkylamides
  • polysaccharides
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20
Q

The phytochemicals in purple cone flower stimulate what…
alkylamides?
carbohydrates?

A

• alkylamides - stimulate cannabinoid type 2 (CB2)
• carbohydrates - stimulate the immune system through different
mechanisms.

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21
Q

What does an antimicrobial do?

A

• alkylamides - stimulate cannabinoid type 2 (CB2)
• carbohydrates - stimulate the immune system through different
mechanisms.

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22
Q

When would one use an antimicrobial?

A

respiratory tract infection

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23
Q

what phytochemicals are present in antimicrobials?

A
  • essential oils
  • monterpenes
  • sesquiterpenes
  • triterpenes
  • napthoquinone
  • anthraquinones
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24
Q

what are the actions of goldenseal (hydrastis canadensis?

A
  • antimicrobial
  • antibacterial
  • antiviral
  • antiparasitic
  • antifungal
  • bitter
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25
when would one use goldenseal?
* respiratory tract infecitons * gastrointestinal infection * dermatologic infections
26
what are the phytochemicals present in goldenseal?
* Isoquinoline alkaloids (e.g. berberine, hydrastine) | * flavolignins
27
Comment on the phytochemicals within goldenseal. What appears to be significant about flavolignans?
Flavolignins appear to inhibit MDR pumps and enhance the antimicrobial action of berberine.
28
What is influenza?
viral infection (RNA viruses) with a similar presentation to the common cold (runny nose, sore throat, cough) but with pronounced: • fever • body aches
29
what herbal actions are useful in treating influenza?
* antimicrobial * antiviral * antiaderance * immunostimulant
30
what herbs are useful in treating influenza?
* elder (Sambucus canadensis; S. nigra) * goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) * licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra) * purple cone flower (Echinacea purpurea) * boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) * lomatium (Lomatium dissectum)
31
what does an antiviral do?
Inhibits the growth of viruses
32
what herbs posses antiviral properties?
* lomatium (Lomatium dissectum) * licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra) * elder (Sambucus canadensis; Sabucus. nigra) * goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) * boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
33
what phytochemicals are in antivirals?
* lomatium (Lomatium dissectum) * licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra) * elder (Sambucus canadensis; Sabucus. nigra) * goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) * boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
34
What are the actions of Lomatium (Lomatium dissectum)?
* antiviral * expectorant * antispasmodic * immunostimulant
35
when would one use lomatium?
* viral infections | * respiratory tract infections (colds, influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia)
36
what phytochemicals are in lomatium?
* coumarins * pthalides * essential oils
37
Caution regarding lomatium?
Lomatium rash: occurs in roughly 5-10% of patients who consume the herb for roughly 5-10 days.
38
comment regarding lomatium and research?
Limited research by traditionally used during influenza pandmics
39
What are the actions of boneset (eupatorium perfoliatum)?
* antimicrobial * antiviral * febrifuge * diaphoretic * immunostimulant
40
when would one use boneset?
Respiratory • acute febrile respiratory infections with cough, especially when associated with deep muscle and bone pain • influenza • acute bronchitis • measles • common cold
41
What are the phytochemicals of boneset?
* terpenoids (esp. sesquiterpene lactones) * polysaccharides * flavonoids * essential oil
42
What does a febrifuge (antipyretic) do?
Reduces fever.
43
when would one use a febrifuge?
infections causing fever including: • virus (flus, SARS, dengue fever) • parasites (malaria) • bacteria (rheumatic fever)
44
What does a diaphoretic do?
Stimulates perspiration and reduces fever.
45
when would one use a diaphoretic?
* fever * colds and flus * detoxification
46
what herbs have diaphoretic properties?
* elder (Sambucus canadensis; Sabucus. nigra) * cayenne (Capsicum frutescens) * ephedra (Ephedra sinica)
47
What does an antiadherance do?
Prevents the adherence of bacteria or viruses to the mucous membranes.
48
when would one use an antiadherant?
* influenza * urinary tract infections * gingivitis
49
what phytochemicals are in antiadherants?
* tannins | * carbohydrates
50
What are the actions of Elder (sambucus canadensis; sabucuc. nigra)?
* antiadherance * antiviral * diaphoretic * astringent
51
when would one use elder?
* upper respiratory tract infections (flower) * colds * influenza * sinusitis
52
what are the phytochemicals in elder?
* flavonoids * anthocyanins * tannins
53
Caution regarding elder?
Cyanogenic glycosides - found in the bark, leaves and unripe fruit can cause severe vomiting and diarrhea. Heat will destroy it.
54
What is laryngitis?
inflammation or irritation of the larynx often causing hoarse or loss of voice
55
what herbal action would be useful for treating laryngitis?
demulcent
56
what herbs would be useful in treating laryngitis?
* slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) | * marshmallow (Althea officinalis)
57
what is a common cause of laryngitis?
Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)
58
what does a demuclent do?
Increases the the production of mucous in the respiratory tract thereby moistening and protecting the lungs and reducing cough.
59
when would one use a demulcent?
* sore throat * laryngitis * Dry cough
60
what herbs have demulcent properties?
* mullein (Verbascum thapsus) * colt's foot * marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) * licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra) * slippery elm (Ulmus rubra)
61
What are the actions of slippery elm (ulmus rubra)?
demulcent
62
when would one use slippery elm?
* sore throat * laryngitis * hoarseness of voice * singer's nodes (vocal nodes)
63
what is the phytochemical of slippery elm?
mucilage
64
comment on what slippery elm is used for?
used for for irritation in the ailmentary tract rather than the lungs
65
what is a cough?
forced exhalation, which is often an involuntary reflex, in an attempt to remove an irritating agent, mucous and/or phlegm from the lungs or throat. • dry cough (non-productive) - no sputum • wet cough (productive) - lots of phlegm (respiratory catarrh)
66
what herbal actions are useful in treating coughs?
* antitussive * cough suppresant * demulcent * expectorant
67
What is an antitussive do?
relieves coughing
68
what can coughs be treated by?
* demulcents * expectorants * cough suppressants
69
when would one use an antitussive?
* dry coughs | * wet coughs
70
what herbs contain antitussive properties?
* mullein (Verbascum thapsus) * colt's foot (Tussilago farfara) * wild black cherry (Prunus serotina) * opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)
71
What actions does mullein (verbascum thapsus) have?
* antitussive * demulcent * expectorant
72
when would one use mullein?
* lung irritation * dry cough * bronchitis * asthma
73
what are the phytochemicals contained in mullein?
* Mucilage * Saponins * Flavonoids * Essential oils
74
what are the actions of colt's foor (tussilago farfara)?
* antitussive * demulcent * expectorant
75
when would one use colt's foot?
* dry cough * bronchitis * asthma
76
what are the phytochemicals contained in colt's foot?
* Mucilage * Tannins * Triterpenoids (faradiol, arnidiol) * Volatile oils * Flavonoids * Essential oils * Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
77
caution regarding colt's foot?
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids - avoid high amounts and chronic use
78
what does a cough suppressant do?
Antitussive that Inhibits the cough reflex
79
what is the action of cough suppressants?
antitussive
80
when would one use a cough suppressant?
Dry cough | Spastic cough
81
what herbs are good cough suppressants?
* Wild black cherry (Prunus serotina) * Cacao (Theobroma cacao) * Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)
82
comment on opiates and theobromine regarding cough suppressants?
* opiates - strong cough suppresants used in the past (but highly addictive) * theobromine (methylxanthine) - may be an effective cough suppressant
83
caution regarding cough suppressants?
Should be used with caution in wet "productive" cough.
84
action of wild black cherry (prunus serotina)?
antitussive | • cough suppressant
85
when would one use wild black cherry?
* spasmodic cough | * dry, unproductive cough
86
phytochemical in wild black cherry?
Cyanogenic glycosides (e.g. prunasin) - bark
87
comment on cyanide (phytochemical within wild black cherry)?
Cyanide binds to peripheral chemoreceptors on the phrenic nerve inhibiting the action of muscles involved in respiration and preventing coughing
88
cautions regarding wild black cherry?
• Wet Coughs: use with caution • Toxicity - Hydrogen cyanide - 300 ppm kills a human in minutes. Inhibits cellular respiration (electron transport chain). A tincture contains obviously very very small amounts.
89
What are bronchitis, pneumonia & croup?
• when respiratory tract infections descend into the bronchioles and lungs. • typically associated with lots of phlegm (i.e. respiratory catarrh) and difficulty breathing
90
herbal actions useful in treating bronchitis, pneumonia & croup?
* antimicrobial * immunostimulant * diaphoretic * expectorants * antispasmodic * bronchodialators * antitussive
91
What does an expectorant do?
A substance that facilitates the expulsion of phlegm from the lungs.
92
when would one use an expectorant?
* wet cough * bronchitis * asthma
93
what herbs have expectorant properties?
* Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) * Blue Gum, (Eucalyptus globulus) * Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) * Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) * Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) * Colt's foot (Tussilago farfara)
94
what are the phytochemicals of expectorants?
* saponins * essential oils * mucilage * alkaloids
95
Actions of Elecampane (inula helenium)?
* expectorant * antitussive * antimicrobial * bitter * anthelmintic
96
when would one use elecampane?
* chronic wet coughs * bronchitis * emphysema * asthma
97
what are the phytochemicals in elecampane?
* sesquiterpene lactones (e.g. alantolactones) * essential oils * mucilage
98
used in formulas or alone?
in formulas, rarely alone
99
actions of eucapyptus (eucalyptus globulus)?
* expectorant * antispasmodic * antiseptic * antimicrobial
100
when would one use eucalyptus?
* productive coughs (orally or steam inhalation) * colds * bronchitis * asthma
101
what are the phytochemicals in eucalyptus?
* Volatile oils | * Monoterpenes (Eucalyptol)
102
actions of licorice (glycherrhiza glabra)?
* expectorant * antiviral * demulcent
103
when would would use licorice?
* influenza * bronchitis * severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
104
phytochemicals of licorice?
* saponins (Glycyrrhizin) | * triterpenoid glycoside (glycyrrhizinic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid)
105
another action of licorice in regards to mucous?
Increases mucouse production - glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits the breakdown of prostaglandin PGE-2 and PGF-2α.
106
caution regarding licorice?
* Blood pressure | * Pregnancy & lactation
107
Actions of white horehound (marrubium vulgare)?
* expectorant * antispasmodic * bitter
108
when would one use white horehound?
* wet cough * bronchitis * asthma
109
phytochemicals of white horehound?
Marrubiin is also found in hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis).
110
Other than white horehound, where is marrubin found?
Pregnancy: Use with caution. Mild emmenagogue properties.
111
caution regarding white horehound?
* expectorant * emetic * antispasmodic
112
actions of indian tobacco (lobelia inflata)?
* asthma * bronchitis * pneumonia
113
when would one use indian tobacco?
lobeline (piperidine alkaloids)
114
phytochemical of indian tobacco?
Stronger expectorant with narrower therapeutic than the others discussed.
115
comment on indian tobacco regarding expectorant strength and therapeutic index?
* High doses: Nausea and vomiting. * Pregnancy & lactation: Avoid use. * Caution: Heart disease, severe atherosclerosis, tachycardia, arrhythmias
116
what does an antispasmodic do?
Relieves spasms of smooth muscles.
117
when would one use an antispasmodic?
* laboured breathing * spastic cough * bronchitis * whooping cough * croup * asthma
118
herbs that have antispasmodic properties?
* horehound (Marrubium vulgare) * thyme (Thymus vulgaris) * red clover (Trifolium pretense)
119
phytochemicals on antispasmodics?
* flavonoids * essential oil * diterpenoids
120
actions of thyme (thymus vulgaris)
* antitussive * antispasmodic * expectorant * antimicrobial
121
when would one use thyme?
``` Infections associated with copious mucous, bronchial constriction and spasmodic cough • bronchitis, pneumonia • croup • pertussis ```
122
phytochemicals of thyme?
* Essential oils * Monoterpenes (thymol, carvacrol) * Flavonoids
123
Caution regarding thyme?
Thyme is an important spasmolytic for tracheal while peppermint is the choice for the intestines
124
Actions of red clover (trifolium pretense)?
* antispasmodic * expectorant * antitussive * alterative
125
when would one use red clover?
* spasmodic cough * pertussis (whooping cough) * bronchitis * pneumonia
126
phytochemicals contained in red clover?
* coumarins | * isoflavenoids
127
where/what part of the plant are the coumarins found in higher amounts in red clover?
flowers
128
caution regarding red clover
Anticoagulants - may interact with coumarin.
129
what is asthma?
Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with bronchospasms & decreased airflow obstruction with the following symptoms: • shortness of breath • wheezing • coughing • chest tightness
130
what herbal actions are useful in treatment of asthma?
* bronchodilators * expectorants * antiinflammatories
131
what is "bronchial asthma"?
"bronchial asthma" - periodic "asthma attack" coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
132
what does a bronchodilator do?
Opens bronchioles to make it easier to breathe.
133
when would one use a bronchodilator?
* asthma * bronchitis * pneumonia
134
what herbs have bronchodilator properties?
* ephedra (Ephedra sinica) * jimson weed (Datura sp.) * coffee
135
what are the phytochemicals of bronchodilators?
* phenethylamine (ephedrine) * tropane alkaloids (atropine) * methylxanthine (theophylline, caffeine)
136
actions of ephedra (ephedra sinica)?
* bronchodialator * sympathomimetic * diaphoretic * decongestant * antispasmodic
137
when would one use ephedra?
* constricted breathing * bronchitis * acute asthma * nasal congestion associated with infection or allergies * sinusitis
138
phytochemicals of ephedra?
Phenethylamines (Ephedrine)
139
Cautions regarding ephedra?
• Side effects: Tachycardia, insomnia, decreased appetite, dry mouth, tremors. • Pregnancy & lactation: Avoid use.
140
actions of jimson weed (datura stramonium)?
* anticholinergic * antispasmodic * bronchodilator
141
when would one use jimson weed?
acute asthma (smoked)
142
phytochemicals of jimsone weed?
tropane alkaloids (atropine)
143
cation regardin jimson weed?
• Side effects: Narrow therapeutic index. Tachycardia, insomnia, decreased appetite, dry mouth, tremors, hallucinations. • Pregnancy & lactation: Avoid use.
144
what are allergies?
Immune response to a foreign substances typically causing: • runny nose (rhinitis) • itchy eyes • fatigue
145
herbal actions to treat allergies?
* antiallergic | * antihistamine
146
herbs to treat allergies?
* eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) * nettle * rosemary * astragalus
147
What does a decongestant do?
Relieves nasal congestion (i.e. nasal catarrh). • sympathetic stimulation • antihistamine
148
when would one use a decongestant?
* upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) * sinusitis * rhinitis * allergies
149
what herbs have decongestant properties?
* ma Huang (Ephedra sinica) * blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) * Cayenne
150
phytochemicals of decongestants?
* alkaloid * flavanoids * phenolics
151
What do antiallergics do?
Decreases the symptoms associated with allergies: • runny nose (rhinitis) • itchy eyes (conjunctivitis)
152
when would one use an antiallergic?
* upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) * sinusitis * rhinitis
153
what herbs possess antiallergic properties?
* eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) | * nettle (Urtica spp.)
154
Actions of eyebright (euphrasia officinalis)?
* astringent * antiallergic * anticatarrhal * antiinflammatory
155
when would one use eyebright?
Reduces catarrh of the eyes, nose, and ears. • conjunctivitis • rhinitis
156
phytochemicals of eyebright?
* Iridoid glycosides (acubin) * Volatile oil * Phenolic acids * Flavonoids * Tannins
157
comment about eyebright and topical application?
Topical application - applied to the eyes for both allergies and infections
158
Actions of Nettle (urtica spp.)
* antiallergic (antihistamine) * astringent * antiinflammatory
159
when would one use nettle?
seasonal allergies
160
phytochemicals of nettle?
* phytosterols (modulate hormone receptors) * lignins (modulate hormone receptors) * flavonoids
161
what herbal actions are good in treatment of ear infections (otitis media; otitis externa)
* antimicrobial * vulnerary * anodyne
162
what herbs are good for treating ear infections?
``` Ear oil • Allium sativum • Verbascum thapsus • Calendula flores • Hypericum perforatum ```
163
comment about recurrent ear infections?
Recurrent ear infection are commonly associated with food allergies.
164
action of garlic?
antimicrobial
165
when would one use garlic?
* bacterial infections * fungal infections * viral infections * parasitic infections
166
phytochemicals in garlic?
organosulphides (e.g. allicin)
167
caution regarding garlic?
* Anticoagulants - may potentiate | * Surgery - avoid excess amounts before and after procedure

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