Tissues, Fascia, and Fascial Compartments - Upper Extremity Flashcards
Thoracolumbar Fascia
Gives origin to Latissimus Dorsi
Ensheaths deep intrinsic back muscles
Ligamentum Nuchae
Fibroelastic connective tissue extending from the external occipital protuberance to the vertebral prominence (C7)
Breast
Modified sweat gland developed for milk production
Developed entirely in subcutaneous tissue
Extend vertically from ribs 2-6
Internal composition:
Connective tissue creates septa that separate the tissue of the breast into lobules.
Lobules give rise to lactiferous ducts (there are 15 to 20 of them)
Lobules are connected to ducts that empty at the nipple.
Pectoral Fascia
Deep Fasia
Extends from clavicle to sternum
Invests Pec Major
Continuous with Fascia of the anterior abdominal wall and the axillary fascia
Clavipectoral Fascia and its Named Areas
Deep Fascia
Descends from the clavicle and coracoid process to the axilla
Encloses subclavius and pec minor
Named Areas
- Costocoracoid membrane - superior part; deep to pec major and superficial to pec minor; pierced by a neurovascular bundle that includes the thoracoacromial artery and cephalic vein
- Suspensatory Ligament - inferior part; deep to pec minor
Brachial Fascia
Deep Fascia in the Arm
From the Deep surface of the brachial fascia, 2 projections called INTERMUSCULAR SEPTA run from the deep surface of the fascia to the supracondylar ridges of the humerus (1 medial septum and 1 lateral septum) The septa separate the arm into anteiror and posterior compartments
Brachial fascia is continuous with the pectoral and axillary fascia proximally and the antebrachial fascia distally, attaches to the olecranon of the ulna and medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus distally
Anterior compartment of the Arm
Contents:
Contains more vascular and neural elements than posterior compartment
Muscles: elbow flexors
Artery: Brachial Artery
Nerves:
MC -> supplies all muscles in the anterior compartment
Median -> just passing through
Ulnar -> just passing through
Medial brachial Cutaneous - sensory to the medial arm; often joins with T1/T2
Medial antebrachial cutaneous -> just passing through
Radial - supplies muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm; comes into the anterior compartment distally between brachioradialis and brachialis just proximal to the elbow
Axillary nerve before it winds around the head of the humerus and goes into the quadrangular space
Posterior Compartment
Contents:
Muscles: elbow extensors
Artery: Profunda brachii (and radial collateral and middle collateral branches)
Nerves:
Ulnar - passes into the posterior compartment when it runs posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
Axillary - wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus with the posterior circumflex humeral artery
Radial - runs in the radial groove with the profunda brachii artery
Antebrachial Fascia
deep fasical sheath covering the forearm continuous proximally with the brachial fascia and distally with the retinacula that surround the wrist
attached posteriorly to the olecranon and posterior border of the ulna
Dives deep as the LATERAL INTERMUSCULAR SEPTUM attached to the anterior border of the radius
Palmar carpal ligament
Proximal and superficial to the flexor retinaculum
Holds down the tendons of the superficial muscles in the anterior compartment
Flexor Retinaculum
Anterior thickening of the antebrachial fasica
Creates the Carpal Tunnel
Maintians Position of Flexor Tendons
Extensor Retinaculum
Distal Thickening of the antebrachial fascia on the posterior side of the hand
Continuous with palmar carpal ligament anteriorly
Maintains position of extensor tendons and divides into 6 tunnels
What is the border between the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm?
Ulna (attached to antebrachial fascia), interosseous membrane, radius, lateral intermuscular septum
Anterior compartment of the forearm
Contents:
Muscles: flexor and pronator muscles (all but 1.5 innervated by median N.)
Nerves: median nerve, anterior interosseous nerve, ulanr nerve
arteries: ulnar artery, common interosseous artery, anterior interosseous artery, radial artery
Posterior Compartment of the Forearm
Contents:
Muscles: extensors and supinators (all innervated by the radial nerve)
Nerves: deep and superficial branches of the radial nerve and posterior interosseous nerve
Artery: posterior interosseous artery