28-29, 30-31

Question 1

specific pathway of carbohydrate catabolism is

Answer 1

glycolysis

Question 2

are activated by ATP and
eventually converted to two C3 fragments, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate

Answer 2

Hexose monosaccharides

Question 3

glyceraldehyde phosphate is further oxidized and
eventually ends up as

Answer 3

pyruvate

Question 4

conversion to pyruvate happens in the

Answer 4

cytosol

Question 5

Pyruvate is converted to

Answer 5

acetyl CoA

Question 6

When the body needs intermediates for synthesis
rather than energy, the glycolytic pathway can be
shunted to the

Answer 6

pentose phosphate pathway

Question 7

yields ribose,
which is necessary for synthesis of RNA

Answer 7

pentose phosphate pathway

Question 8

Completely metabolized, a hexose molecule
yields the energy of

Answer 8

36 ATP molecules

Question 9

not all of the acetyl CoA produced in the
b-oxidation of fatty acids enters the common catabolic
pathway.

Answer 9

starvation and under certain pathological conditions

Question 9

Glycerol is catabolized in the glycolysis pathway
and yields

Answer 9

20 ATP molecules

Question 9

Fatty acids are broken down into fragments in the

Answer 9

b-oxidation spiral

Question 10

Fats are broken down to

Answer 10

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 10

Glutamate yield

Answer 10

ammonia

Question 10

EACh turn of the spiral

Answer 10

one acetyl CoA is released
along with one FADH2 and one NADH + H+

Question 10

Stearic acid, a C18 compound, yield

Answer 10

146 molecules of ATP.

Question 10

Glutamate yield ammonia through

Answer 10

oxidatively deaminated

Question 11

ketone bodies.

Answer 11

acetyl CoA forms acetoacetate, b-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone

Question 11

Mammals get rid of the toxic ammonia by converting

Answer 11

it to urea in the urea cycle; urea is secreted in urine

Question 11

Proteins are broken down to

Answer 11

amino acids

Question 12

carbon skeletons of amino acids are catabolized
via

Answer 12

citric acid cycle

Question 13

amino acids are incorporated into acetyl CoA
or ketone bodies and are called

Answer 13

ketogenic amino
acids

Question 13

human immune system parts

Answer 13

(1) the natural
resistance of the body, called innate immunity, and
(2) adaptive or acquired immunity

Question 13

enter as pyruvate or other intermediates of the citric
acid cycle

Answer 13

glucogenic amino acids,

Question 14

Heme is catabolized to bilirubin, which is excreted in

Answer 14

the feces.

Question 14

catabolized to bilirubin

Answer 14

Heme

Question 15

nonspecific

Answer 15

Innate immunity

Question 16

Acquired immunity

Answer 16

immune system

Question 16

highly specific, being directed against one particular invader

Answer 16

Adaptive or acquired immunity

Question 17

cells of innate immunity that function as police officers

Answer 17

Macrophages and
natural killer (NK) cells

Question 18

specialized leukocytes in the lymph system are
called

Answer 18

lymphocytes.

Question 18

principal cellular components of the immune
system are

Answer 18

white blood cells, or leukocytes

Question 18

Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow
and produce soluble immunoglobulins are

Answer 18

B cells

Question 18

lymphocytes circulate mostly in the

Answer 18

lymphoid organs

Question 18

a collection of vessels extending
throughout the body and connected to the interstitial
fluid on the one hand, and to the blood vessels on the
other hand

Answer 18

lymph system

Question 19

cytokines and chemokines play an
essential role

Answer 19

autoimmune diseases

Question 19

the smallest part of an antigen that
binds to antibodies, TcRs, and MHC

Answer 19

epitope

Question 19

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus gland are

Answer 19

T cells

Question 19

standard drug treatment for autoimmune diseases involves

Answer 19

glucocorticoids

Question 19

large, complex molecules of foreign
origin. An antigen may be a bacterium, a virus,
or a toxin

Answer 19

Antigens

Question 19

three types of molecules belong
to the immunoglobulin superfamily

Answer 19

T-cell receptors (TcR), or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

Question 19

two kinds of receptors exist on
the surfaces of T and B cells

Answer 19

activating receptor and an inhibitory receptor

Question 20

water soluble glycoproteins are made of two heavy chains and two light chains.

Answer 20

immunoglobulins

Question 20

Antibodies are

Answer 20

immunoglobulins

Question 20

creates
a point mutation (only one nucleotide)

Answer 20

Somatic hypermutation (SHM)

Question 20

heavy chains are assembled by a process called

Answer 20

V(J)D recombination

Question 21

CD

Answer 21

(cluster determinant

Question 21

retrovirus that enters helper T cells

Answer 21

HIV

Question 22

prevent the
transcription and hence the synthesis of cytokines.

Answer 22

glucocorticoids

Question 22

Antibodies can recognize all types of antigens,
but TcRs recognize only

Answer 22

peptide antigens

Question 22

facilitate the migration of leukocytes
from blood vessels into the site of injury or inflammation

Answer 22

Chemotactic cytokines, the chemokines, such as
interleukin-8

Question 23

carbohydrates are synthesized
in plants from CO2 and H2O, using sunlight as an
energy source.

Answer 23

photosynthesis

Question 24

Glucose can be synthesized by animals from the
intermediates of

Answer 24

glycolysis , from the intermediates of
the citric acid cycle, and from glucogenic amino acids

Question 25

Glucose can be synthesized THROUGH A PROCESS

Answer 25

gluconeogenesis

Question 26

key to fatty acid biosynthesis is the

Answer 26

acyl carrier
protein (ACP)

Question 27

acts as a merry-go-round
transport system

Answer 27

acyl carrier
protein (ACP)

Question 28

are synthesized from glycerol
3-phosphate, fatty acids that are activated by conversion to acyl CoA, and activated alcohols such as
choline

Answer 28

Glycerophospholipid

Question 29

synthesized from acetyl CoA. Three C2
fragments are condensed to form C6, hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA.

Answer 29

Cholesterol

Question 30

serve as building blocks for proteins.

Answer 30

Amino acids