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Question 1

What was introduced to raise awareness for pollution and cancer diagnoses?

Answer 1

World cancer day raises awareness for pollution and cancer diagnoses.

Question 2

How much did the EU allocate to support air quality measures in European structural and investment funds?

Answer 2

EU allocated €1.8 billion to support air quality measures in European structural and investment funds.

Question 3

Describe what the WHO proposed in 2015.

Answer 3

Draft road map to enhance the global response to the link between air pollution and ill-health. 4 year plan. Aimed to expand knowledge, education, and monitoring/ reporting.

Question 4

What did Trump announce in 2017?

Answer 4

Announced his intention to withdraw USA from the Paris agreement in 2020.

Question 5

What did Norway state (India case study)?

Answer 5

Norway stated that they would ban the stole of diesel and petrol cars by 2025.

Question 6

Describe the Paris Agreement, (2016).

Answer 6

195 countries signed. Keep global average temperature below 2°C; above pre-industrial levels.

Question 7

Describe the Kyoto Protocol, (2013).

Answer 7

Reduced harmful emissions by 18% below the 1990 levels.

Question 8

What are 3 national solutions for reducing pollutant levels in India?

Answer 8

3 national solutions could include any of the following: Closing brick kilns. Raising parking fees. Stopping hotels from using coal and firewood. Banning garbage burning. Improve education and awareness. Improve ventilation. Retrofitting cooking stores to make them more fuel efficient and less smoking.

Question 9

In 2020, 1 in how many males and 1 in how many females were diagnosed with lung cancer?

Answer 9

In 2020, 1 in 68 males and 1 in 201 females were diagnosed with lung cancer.

Question 10

Life expectancy in India has shortened by how many years, due to PM2.5

Answer 10

Life expectancy has shortened by 6.3 years.

Question 11

What statistics accompany lung cancer and doctors?

Answer 11

Some doctors see 50% more lung cancer in non-smokers than smokers

Question 12

1 day outside in Delhi is equal to smoking how many cigarettes?

Answer 12

1 day outside is equal to smoking 50 cigarettes.

Question 13

What are 5 impacts that the presence of pollutants has caused in India?

Answer 13

Impacts could include any of the following: Outdoor exercise is limited. Respiratory issues. Lung/heart disease. Cancer. 2 million premature deaths each year. 1 million deaths in India each year from pollution. Nausea. Restricts tourism as architecture is not visible due to the pollution.

Question 14

Why does India’s pollution levels increase in the winter months?

Answer 14

The burning of the stubble is completed in winter months to prepare for the next agricultural season, so there is a major increase is smoke.

Question 15

What is the percentage split of pollution in Delhi?

Answer 15

> 50% from industry. 27% from vehicles. 17% from crop burning. 7% from domestic cooking.

Question 16

What is a cause of PM2.5?

Answer 16

PM2.5 is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

Question 17

How many years has the average life expectancy of 660 million Indians decrease by?

Answer 17

Average life expectancy of 660 million Indians decrease by roughly 3 years.

Question 18

What percentage of India’s population breathe dangerous air?

Answer 18

99% of India’s 1.2 billion people breathe polluted air above safe level (as defined by WHO).

Question 19

What fraction of smokers get lung cancer in India? How much has this increase by in the last 10 years?

Answer 19

Lung cancer occurs in 1/5 of smokers. This has increased by 20% in the last 10 years.

Question 20

12 out of 15 of the world’s most populated cities are located where? (2018).

Answer 20

12 out of 15 of the world’s most populated cities are in India (2018).

Question 21

How is the smoke from the burning of stubble carried over to Delhi? What happens when it gets to Delhi?

Answer 21

The Himalayas create a physical barrier, pushing the burnt stubble smoke to Delhi. In the cities, such as Delhi, fire smoke and pollution makes a very hazardous smog from the pollutants.

Question 22

What is the main cause for severe pollution in Delhi? What is this? What percentage of India’s PM2.5 is this responsible for?

Answer 22

Severe levels of pollution in Delhi, due to the burning of the stubble. After the harvest, the fields are prepared for the planting of next season’s crop. This is responsible for 32% of Delhi’s PM2.5.

Question 23

Rural area households often lack electricity, what biomass fuels do they use heating, cooking and lighting?

Answer 23

Rural area households often lack electricity and depend on biomass fuel such as animal dung for heating, and paraffin for cooking and lighting.

Question 24

How many premature deaths are there from indoor air pollution each year in India?

Answer 24

Indoor air pollution is also a problem - responsible for about 1 million premature deaths a year.

Question 25

What are the 3 particulates that are emitted the most within India? (other than PM2.5 and PM10)

Answer 25

Emissions of particulates, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone.

Question 26

What is India’s target for safe PM2.5 levels to be at?

Answer 26

Below 40 micrograms/ m³ of PM2.5

Question 27

What is the global target for safe PM2.5 levels to be at?

Answer 27

Anything below 10 micrograms/ m³ of PM2.5.

Question 28

By what percentage has India’s PM2.5 pollutant levels risen by?

Answer 28

PM2.5 pollutant in Delhi, India has increased by 70%.

Question 29

What are PM2.5 and PM10?

Answer 29

PM2.5 is a pollutant that consists of tiny, fine particles. PM10 is a pollutant that consists of coarse, bigger particles.

Question 30

What does PM mean?

Answer 30

PM = particle matter.

Question 31

What are 2 diseases that show that AOET has potentially too much optimism?

Answer 31

The Spanish Flu and Covid-19 show that diseases can still spread globally today, even within ACs.

Question 32

What were 3 factors within the suggested stage 4 from AOET?

Answer 32

3 factors within the suggested stage 4 of AOET could include: raised life expectancy in ACs from early 70s to mid-80s, obesity/ diabetes become more common and problematic, and medical advances are able to delay the onset of degenerative CVD.

Question 33

Name 3 factors within stage 3 of AOET?

Answer 33

3 factors within stage 3 of AOET could include: further improvements in medical tech/ hygiene/ standards of living, degenerative diseases are the main cause of mortality, and man-made diseases associated with environmental change e.g. cancer, become more common.

Question 34

Name 3 factors within stage 2 of AOET.

Answer 34

3 factors within stage 2 of AOET could include: advances in medical tech/ diet/ hygiene, improvements in standard of living, and epidemics that cause large-scale mortality are rare.

Question 35

Name 3 factors within stage 1 of AOET.

Answer 35

3 factors within stage 1 of AOET could include: high mortality rates, life expectancy below 30, and population growth is slow and intermittent.

Question 36

What is the suggested stage 4 of the epidemiological transition called?

Answer 36

The suggested stage 4 of the epidemiological transition is called the age of delayed degenerative diseases.

Question 37

What is stage 3 of the epidemiological transition called?

Answer 37

Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition is called, in post-industrial societies the rate of mortality slackens.

Question 38

What is stage 2 of the epidemiological transition called?

Answer 38

Stage 2 of the epidemiological transition is called the age of receding pandemics.

Question 39

What is stage 1 of the epidemiological transition called?

Answer 39

Stage 1 of the epidemiological transition is called the age of pestilence/ famine.

Question 40

Who proposed the epidemiological transition model?

Answer 40

Abdel Omran proposed the epidemiological transition model.