2b

Question 1

what is oxidation

Answer 1

conversion of a functional group in another one with a higher oxidation state or level

Question 2

reduction

Answer 2

conversion of a functional group in another one with a lower oxidation level or state

Question 3

reduction does what to an oxidation level

Answer 3

reduces the value
the value gets smaller

Question 4

what does oxidation do to an oxidation level

Answer 4

increases the oxidation level or state

Question 5

what is a heteroatom

Answer 5

anything but a C or H

Question 6

how many levels of oxidation levels/states are there

Answer 6

5 in total
0,1,2,3,4

Question 7

whats a 0 oxidation level

Answer 7

carbons are bonded to 0 more electronegative atoms

Question 8

level 0 oxidation level examples

Answer 8

methane
alkanes

Question 9

what is level 1 oxidation level

Answer 9

C is bonded to 1 more electronegative element

Question 10

level 1 oxidation state examples

Answer 10

alkene
alcohol
halogenoalkanes

Question 11

level 2 oxidation level

Answer 11

carbon is bonded to 2 more electronegative atoms

Question 12

level 2 oxidation level examples

Answer 12

ketone
alkyne (c triple c)
aldehyde

Question 13

level 3 oxidation level

Answer 13

carbon bonded to 3 more electronegative elements

Question 14

levels 3 oxidation level examples

Answer 14

carboxylic acid
amides
nitriles

Question 15

level 4 oxidation level

Answer 15

carbon is bonded to 4 more electronegative elements

Question 16

level 4 oxidation level examples

Answer 16

o=c=o
s=c=s

Question 17

resonance structure rules

Answer 17

• have the same number of valence electrons
• octet rule must be obeyed
• nuclei do not change positions in space between resonance structures

Question 18

what do resonance structures differ in

Answer 18

they differ in the arrangement of valence electrons

Question 19

what is special about c=o

Answer 19

the c and o are electrophilic and basic respectively.

c is electrophilic
o is basic

Question 20

what does the c react with

Answer 20

nucleophiles bc it has a partial positive charge

Question 21

what does the o react with

Answer 21

lewis acids

things that accept electrons

Question 22

if o interacts with lewis acids it must be a

Answer 22

weak lewis base
donates electrons

Question 23

what is the alpha carbon

Answer 23

the carbon next to the carbonyl group

the carbon near the c=o

Question 24

the alpha carbon is usually bonded to what

Answer 24

the carbonyl group
alpha Hydrogens

Question 25

what are special about alpha Hydrogens

Answer 25

theyre bonded to the alpha carbon

they are more acidic than alkane hydrogens

Question 26

removal of the alpha hydrogens via deprotonation will give what

Answer 26

it will give an anion (-)

Question 27

deprotonation of a alpha hydrogen will give an anion,, how can these be stabilised

Answer 27

through delocalisation aka resonance?

the (-) formed by protonation is delocalised over the pi system (c=o) and is ultimately placed on the more electronegative Oxygen atom

Question 28

what shape is c=o

Answer 28

its planar