2C

Question 1

Why is food important?

Answer 1

Needed to provide energy for workers
Contributes to economic growth
Over/under supply has negative effects on health

Question 2

Undernourishment

Answer 2

Lack of nutrients in a diet
Usually found in areas of high population density
UK=3200 calories/day Somalia=1580 calories/day for average person

Question 3

What factors affect supply and demand for food?

Answer 3

Demand: Changing diets (e.g. avocados becoming trendy and desirable) and growing population (more food needed)
Supply: Climate (how much food can be grown), soil fertility how much food can be grown) and level of technology (how much can be exported)

Question 4

Why is water necessary?

Answer 4

Industrial processes - economic growth (75% of water consumption in the UK)
Basic functions of society (e.g. drinking, cooking etc.)

Question 5

Distribution of fresh water

Answer 5

Uneven and unequal

Easy access to water in LICs allows female children to go to school as they do not not need to fetch water

Question 6

Water footprint

Answer 6

Water footprint is the amount of water consumed by human activity as well as the assimilation capacity used
Increases with development - USA 2500 litres per person/day, Bangladesh 900 litres per person/day
Global average 1200 litres per person/day

Question 7

Water scarcity

Answer 7

Lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region
Can be due to physical or economic factors
1/5 people live in water scarce area
1/3 people no access to clean drinking water

Question 8

Why is energy necessary?

Answer 8

Industrial processes - economic growth
Heating
Power
Transportation

Question 9

Energy distribution

Answer 9

Unequal distribution
Richest 1 billion use 50% of energy, poorest billion use 4%
Countries with surplus or shortfall can trade energy

Question 10

Where does UK food come from?

Answer 10

50% imported - demand for greater choice, year round availability and high demand products
Cheaper to produce food abroad - helps economies but prevents food from being grown for that country
Imported food is 17% of UK carbon emissions but imported food can have fewer food miles than domestic produce

Question 11

Food mile

Answer 11

Mile over which a food item is transported during the journey from producer to consumer, as a unit of measurement of the fuel used to transport i

Question 12

What food trends are there in the UK?

Answer 12

Organic food - worth £2 billion per year
Local sourcing - reduce carbon footprint
Seasonal eating - reduce carbon footprint

Question 13

Agribusiness

Answer 13

Large scale industrial agriculture
Large farms=loss of green space
More
machines=fewer people employed
Negative affects on the environment due to chemicals used

Question 14

How has water usage changed?

Answer 14

70% increase in demand since 1985, due to:
  Increased wealth - appliances
  Food out of season - more irrigation 
  Leisure use - golf courses
  Increased hygiene - more showers

Question 15

UK water scarcity

Answer 15

Greatest deficit is SE - high population but low rainfall
80% of S relies on groundwater as a water supply
Greatest area of surplus water is N and NW

Question 16

Water quality

Answer 16

Measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose
Managed by strict laws concerning disposal of waste from farms and factories
Managed by other methods e.g. pollution traps or waste water treatment

Question 17

Water pollution

Answer 17

Presence of toxic chemicals and biological agents, in groundwater, that exceed what is naturally found in the water and may pose a threat to human health and/or the environment
Caused by fertilisers, pesticides, heavy metals etc.
Kills wildlife, contaminates water

Question 18

Water transportation

Answer 18

Dam and reservoir maintain water quality
Transported by pipeline from Wales to Liverpool
Pros: reliable supply of water
Cons: Loss of homes (37 10 farms), 10 deaths in construction

Question 19

Energy consumption change

Answer 19

Consumption declined by 12% since 1970 - less heavy industry and more energy efficient appliances

Question 20

Energy production change

Answer 20

Less reliance on fossil fuels - 31% from coal, was 91% in 1970
North Sea oil and gas deposits running out - fewer domestic fossil fuel reserves
EU has regulations on emissions
Coal cheaper to import than mine
All current nuclear sites to be closed by 2023 due to contamination and waste diposal

Question 21

Worldwide energy supply

Answer 21

90% from fossil fuels
HICs largest producers and consumers of energy
NEEs increase in standard of living, population growth and access to modern technology leads to higher demand
NEEs have energy security
LICs have low production and consumption and energy insecurity

Question 22

Energy security

Answer 22

Uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price
Countries with high risk of energy insecurity are found in Parts of Africa, Asia and South America
Countries with low risk have large domestic reserves of fossil fuel

Question 23

Energy gap

Answer 23

Difference between a country’s rising demand for energy and its ability to produce that energy from its own resources
Experienced by countries phasing out fossil fuel usage without replacing it with renewable sources quickly enough (e.g. UK)

Question 24

Factors energy supply affected by

Answer 24

Geology - ability to access fuel reserves
Climate - renewables dependent on conditions
Rise in energy price - encourages more expensive exploration
Advanced technology allows access to hard to extract fuel

Question 25

Effects of energy insecurity

Answer 25

Deforestation - grow biofuels
Drilling in environmentally sensitive areas
Energy more expensive
Power cuts
Jobs at risk - fall in sales and services
Agribusiness threatened

Question 26

Conflicts from energy insecurity

Answer 26

Between consumers - drives up prices
Between local and foreign businesses - domestic goods more expensive to manufacture
Between supplier country and consumer country - demand > supply

Question 27

Ways to combat energy insecurity

Answer 27

Energy supply increased in ways that:

• Do less damage to the environment
• Are affordable
• Suit available technology
• Do not increase energy insecurity

Question 28

Effects of renewables

Answer 28

Pros: 
Reduce impact on the environment
Cons: 
High initial cost
Landscape ruined - less tourist revenue
Local objection
Wind turbines disrupt bird migration
HEP dams cause flooding

Question 29

Effect of non-renewables

Answer 29

Pros:
Makes use of established technology - currently more profitable
Cons:
Finite sources
Nuclear plants are expensive to build
CO2 produced - enhanced greenhouse effect
Nuclear waste dangerous for a long time

Question 30

How can sustainable lifestyles be introduced?

Answer 30

Decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, increasing renewables
Improving energy efficiency
Lifestyle changes (e.g. turning off lights etc.)
Improving building design (e.g. insulation so less heating required)
Increase public transport use, use electric cars

Question 31

How can technology be used to reduce pollution?

Answer 31

Carbon capture reduces CO2 emissions and stores it in sedimentary rocks to avoid leakage
CHP uses fossil fuels to generate heating and power