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Animal physiology > 2nd exam > Flashcards

2nd exam Flashcards

1
Q

5 characteristics of aqueous humor:

A

Fill anterior segment of the eye, is watery, freely flowing, is drained continously and is secreted by ciliary body through Schlemm canal

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2
Q

4 characteristics o vitreous humor:

A

fills posterior segment between lens and retina, is gelatinous, stagnant and not drained as much

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3
Q

What region has the sharpest image?

A

fovea

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4
Q

what are the 3 pairs of muscles that control the eye?

A

medial and lateral recti, superior and inferior recti and superior and inferior oblique

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5
Q

What are the 3 nerves responsible for occulomotor reflexes?

A

oculomotor, trochlear and abducent

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6
Q

Convex lens ________ light while concave lens _____

A

converges, diverge

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7
Q

The accomodation of eye is given by contraction of _______ muscles that relax _______, increasing the _______ of the lens for near vision.

A

ciliary, the suspensory ligaments, curvature

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8
Q

Normal vision is called ________ while farsightedness is ________ and nearsightedness is ______

A

emmetropia, hyperopia, myopia

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9
Q

Glasses for myope are

A

concave

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10
Q

Cones are responsible for ____ vision and rods are for ______

A

day, night

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11
Q

Images are processed in the ______ geniculate

A

lateral

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12
Q

What are the 2 chambers in the cochlea?

A

scala vestibula on top and scala tympani on bottom, are connected by cochlear duct where most hearing occurs

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13
Q

What perceives sound?

A

organ of cort

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14
Q

Basilar fibers are shortest and thickest _________ they perceive _______ frequency sound, where membrane is ______

A

near the base of the cochlea, high frequency, narrowest

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15
Q

The thinnest basilar fibers are near ___________, they perceive _______ frequency sounds, where basilar membrane is _______

A

the apex of cochlea, low, widest

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16
Q

The primary sensory cell body for the auditory system is in

A

the spiral ganglion

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17
Q

The ______ system is the main organ responsible for equilibrium

A

vestibular

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18
Q

Vestibular system has two regions:

A

crista ampullaris (aka semicircular canals) and macula

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19
Q

The macula consists of:

A

utricle and saccule

20
Q

Semicircular canals respond to _______ while maccula responds to _______

A

kinetic movement (angular acceleration and deceleration), gravitational pulland linear acceleration

21
Q

Utricle is in _______ plane and senses orientation when in _______ and saccule is in ______ and senses orientation ________

A

horizontal, upright, vertical, when laying down

22
Q

What are the 3 systems that maintain posture and equilibrium?

A

vestibular pathway, cerebellar and reticular systems

23
Q

Which part control moderately complex reflexes?

A

Brainstem and cerebelum

24
Q

What are the main differences between muscle spindles and golgi tendons?

A

Muscle spindles are spread in the muscles and sense length, are innervated by sensory and motor fibers. While golgi tendons sense tension, are scattered in tendons and are innervated only by sensory fibers

25
Q

Muscle sensory information is sent to the brain via:

A

dorsal column medial lemniscus

26
Q

How are muscle spindles and golgi tendons related?

A

When muscle spindles receive signals to contract by fast fibers, the tension increases and the golgi tendons inform the brain in order to prevent injury from extreme contraction

27
Q

In the corticospinal tract where do the fibers cross to the opposite side?

A

In the medulla oblongata

28
Q

What movements are controlled by the corticospinal tract?

A

Fine purposeful skilled movements

29
Q

What is the route of fibers in extrapyramidal tract?

A

from motor cortex to basal ganglia or cerebellum or brainstem then spinal cord

30
Q

What constitutes the brainstem?

A

medula, pons and midbrain

31
Q

What performs motor functions of face?

A

brainstem

32
Q

What are the unique functions of cerebellum?

A

pre-planning of next movements, change of one muscle movement to another, smooth progression of movements, control intensity of muscle contraction when load changes

33
Q

What are the regions of the cerebellum? and their functions?

A

Vermis is mostly responsible for trunk, intermediate zone of hemisphere is responsible for limbs and lateral zones of the hemispheres don’t have topographic map but are involved in the planning and sequencing of complex movements

34
Q

Where does the output signal from the cerebellum comes from in each region and the functions?

A

From vermis is fastigial nucleus (maintenance of equilibrium, control of posture), intermediate zone in interposed nuclei (coordination of reciprocal contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles in the limbs) and lateral zone begin in dentate nucleus (coordination of sequential motor activities)

35
Q

What are the unique functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Planning and controlling of complex patterns of skilled muscle movements, control relative scale of intensity of muscle, direction of movement and sequence of multiple succesive movements

36
Q

What are the regions of the basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

37
Q

Where does the motor cortex project fibers in the basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striate) via corticostriate fibers

38
Q

Where does the nerves originate in sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Between T1 and L2 (thoraco-lumbar) and cranial nerves of brainstem and sacral part of SC (cranio-sacral)

39
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons pass through?

A

anterior roots (or motor roots)

40
Q

How are the fibers of adrenal gland different than others?

A

It only has preganglionic fibers that terminate on the chromaffin cells, these synapse only on the spinal cord. it secretes adrenalin and nor-adrenalin

41
Q

What is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Acetylcholine (cholinergic receptors)

42
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system?

A

Mostly norepinephrine

43
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system?

A

acetylcholine

44
Q

Where is the ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

close to the spinal cord, far from spinal cord and close to the organs

45
Q

What are the receptors for acetylcholine in the ganglia and in the tissue?

A

nicotinic receptors in ganglia and muscarinic receptors in parasympathetic neurons (but can have others)

46
Q

What are cholinergic and adrenergic receptors?

A

receptors of acetylcholine and adrenaline (epinephrine)

47
Q

What are the 4 main differences of sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

sympathetic is responsible for rapid responses, nerves leave the spinal cord between L1 and T2 (thoracolumbar), ganglia is close to the spinal cord, postganglionic neurotransmitter is mostly norepinephrine. while parasympathetic is different

Animal physiology (7 decks)

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