3. Education

Question 1

Rosenthal & Jacobson

Answer 1

SCHOOL KEY FACTOR EXPLAIN
Teachers labels can affect pupil attainment

Question 2

ONS (Gender)

Answer 2

In the UK, 67.6% of girls achieve a grade 4 or above in both English and Maths compared to just 62.7% of boys.
Girls have higher attainment in all ethnic backgrounds other than Irish Travellers.

Question 3

Jackson

Answer 3

(Gender/Cultural)
Boys from laddish subcultures

Question 4

Willis

Answer 4

(Gender/Cultural)
Boys are likely to reject the values of education and form anti-school subcultures

Question 5

Mac & Ghail

Answer 5

(Gender/Cultural)
Masculinity crisis experienced by males due to their loss of breadwinning roles in society

Question 6

Wilkinson

Answer 6

(Gender/Cultural)
Gender-quake experienced by women and girls where they have become more career oriented

Question 7

Hannan

Answer 7

(Gender/Cultural)
Different leisure activities for boys and girls by canalisation, boys are stereotypically expected to enjoy sport whereas girls are expected to gossip and read and write which improves their literacy skills.

Question 8

Sharpe

Answer 8

(Gender/Cultural)
Changing female aspirations. In the 1970s women’s only socially acceptable aspirations were marriage and having babies but in the 1990s women and girls became more career oriented.

Question 9

Francis (Gender)

Answer 9

(Gender/Cultural)
Boys reject education

Question 10

Ruddock

Answer 10

(Gender/Cultural)
Boys are less contientous in schools than girls

Question 11

Mitsos and Brown

Answer 11

(Gender/School)
Teacher expectations of boys are poor

Question 12

McCabe

Answer 12

(Gender/School)
Invisibility of women in the curriculum, this is called symbolic annihilation

Question 13

Jones and Dinda

Answer 13

(Gender/School)
Teachers praise boys more than girls

Question 14

Kelly

Answer 14

(Gender/School)
Found gendered roles in books and the hierarchy of the school

Question 15

Oakley

Answer 15

(Gender/School)
Gendered language in school

Question 16

ONS (Class)

Answer 16

42.9% of students who are eligible for free school meals achieve grades 4 or above in English and Maths compared to 71.6% of students who are not eligible.

Question 17

Bourdieu

Answer 17

(Class/Cultural)
The working class lack cultural capital

Question 18

ONS

Answer 18

(Class/Cultural)
Children have a 7.5% higher chance of poor attainment if their fathers also did badly at school

Question 19

Sugarman

Answer 19

(Class/Cultural)
Working class is socialised into immediate gratification

Question 20

Lewis

Answer 20

(Class/Cultural)
Fatalistic attitudes of the working class

Question 21

Douglas

Answer 21

(Class/Cultural)
Working class don’t value education

Question 22

Murray

Answer 22

(Class/Cultural)
The underclass are a group who have been poorly socialised not to value education

Question 23

Bernstein

Answer 23

(Class/Cultural)
Restricted and Elaborate code

Question 24

Feinstein

Answer 24

(Class/Cultural)
Family background, test scores at 22 months predict attainment at 26 years but children are overtaken by poor attainers from wealthy backgrounds.

Question 25

Gillies

Answer 25

(Class/Cultural) Middle class parents are able to use their knowledge and influence to benefit their children.

Question 26

Strand

Answer 26

(Class/Material) Black and white children from disadvantaged backgrounds didn't make progress

Question 27

Smith and Noble

Answer 27

(Class/Material) Poorer parents cannot afford important resources such as books and computers

Question 28

Goodman and Gregg

Answer 28

(Class/Material) Poorer families have weak learning environments

Question 29

Archer

Answer 29

(Class/Material) Significance of clothing and style is crucial within the culture of young people, causing poorer groups to work long hours at their part-time jobs to be able to afford consumer goods instead of focusing on revision and homework. Bullying due to clothing style or brand can cause a decrease in focus and effort attainment in school

Question 30

Becker & Rist

Answer 30

(Class/School) Teachers favour middle-class children

Question 31

Cicourel & Kitsuse

Answer 31

(Class/School) Career advisors give different advice to working class and middle class pupils

Question 32

Becker

Answer 32

(Class/School) Teachers label working class children as failures

Question 33

Ball

Answer 33

(Class/School) Streaming is based on behaviour rather than ability

Question 34

Goodacre

Answer 34

(Class/School) Working class students are under marked by teachers

Question 35

Hargreaves

Answer 35

(Class/School) Halo effect: positive labels from teachers can override poor behaviour

Question 36

ONS (Ethnicity)

Answer 36

In the UK, 88.6% of Chinese Students and 83.5% of Indian students achieve a grade 4 or above in English and Maths, compared to only 30.7% of Irish traveller students and 16.2% of Gypsy, Roma students. Girls have higher attainment in all ethnic backgrounds other than Irish Travellers.

Question 37

Francis (Ethnicity)

Answer 37

(Ethnicity/Cultural) Educational achievement is a fundamental part of Chinese identity

Question 38

Chua

Answer 38

(Ethnicity/Culture) Chinese tiger parents

Question 39

Swann Report

Answer 39

(Ethnicity/School) Schools are institutionally racist

Question 40

Gilroy, Swell, Modood and Mirza

Answer 40

(Ethnicity/School) Racist attitudes among schools and teachers

Question 41

Wright

Answer 41

(Ethnicity/School) Teachers had stereotypical attitudes such as Asian girls being submissive and black Carribean boys as disruptive and having low academic potential

Question 42

Hall

Answer 42

(Ethnicity/School) Racism in schools lead to a culture of resistance