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Labmed > (3) General Clinical Biochemistry > Flashcards

(3) General Clinical Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

How to differentiate between hyponatraemia and pseudohyponatraemia

A

Normal osmolality = pseudo

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2
Q

What may cause pseudohyponatraemia

A

Hyperlipidaemia

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3
Q

What proportion of fluid is in the intracellular space

A

2/3

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4
Q

How is fluid divided in the extracellular space

A

3/4 interstitium, 1/4 plasma

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5
Q

Values of Na and K in ICF

A

Na: 10mmol/L, K: 110mmol/L

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6
Q

Values of Na and K in ECF

A

Na: 135mmol/L, K: 4mmol/L

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7
Q

Osmolarity can be calculated as

A

(2 x [Na]) + [urea] + [glucose]

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8
Q

What four factors determine fluid distribution between plasma and interstitial fluid

A
  1. Venous tone (hydrostatic pressure)
  2. Oncotic pressure
  3. Capillary permeability
  4. Lymphatic drainage
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9
Q

What hormone primarily controls water balance

A

ADH

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10
Q

ADH secretion is stimulated by which 3 things

A
  1. Increase plasma osmolality (1-2%)
  2. Decrease in plasma volume (5-7%)
  3. Pain/stress/nausea
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11
Q

ADH acts on what part of the kidney

A

Distal tubule

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12
Q

ADH leads to _____ of the urine

A

Concentration

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13
Q

Sodium balance is primarily controlled by which hormone

A

Aldosterone

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14
Q

Sodium depletion leads to ____ of the ECF volume

A

Lowering

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15
Q

Aldosterone leads to _____ of Na and _____ of K/H

A

Reabsorption and loss

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16
Q

Volume balance is primarily controlled by which hormone

A

ANP

17
Q

ANP acts by reducing secretion off which hormone

A

Renin and aldosterone

18
Q

ANP causes vasodilation by antagonising

A

NA + ANGII

19
Q

Symptoms of hyponatraemia

A

Lethargy, anorexia, agitation, headaches, nausea, seizures

20
Q

Hyponatraemia with increased ECF could be caused by

A

Congestive heart failure, hepatic failure

21
Q

Hyponatraemia with decreased ECF could be caused by

A

Renal failure, excessive sweating

22
Q

Danger of rapid correction of long-standing hyponatraemia

A

Central pontine myelinosis

23
Q

SIADH is characterised by ____natramia and _____osmolality

A

Hypo and Hypo

24
Q

Causes of SIADH could be

A

Tumours, pain, opiates

25
Q

Treatment of SIADH is

A

Fluid restriction and ADH antagonists

26
Q

Diabetes insipidus symptoms include

A

Polyuria + polydipsia

27
Q

Diabetes insipidus will respond to DDAVP, true or false

A

True

28
Q

Diabetes insipidus will respond to water deprivation test, true or false

A

False

29
Q

Diabetes insipidus will cause ____ plasma osmolality and _____ urine osmolality

A

High and low

30
Q

Hypernatraemia symptoms

A

Lethargy, confusion, weakness and seizures

31
Q

Treatment of hypernatraemia

A

Hypotonic fluids (dextrose)

Labmed (2 decks)

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