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edexcel a level geography > 3 - globalisation > Flashcards

3 - globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

THE SHRINKING WORLD- define the term ‘globalisation’

A
  • known as the increasing interdependence between countries through flows of capital, trade, goods and services as well as culture and ideas
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2
Q

why is the rate of globalisation increasing?

A
  • LEDCs are becoming more involved in global markets and forums
  • MEDCs are becoming increasingly interdependent on one another
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3
Q

explain the economic causes for accelerating globalisation?

A
  • volume and influence of TNCs has increased, many have incomes higher than GDPs of many countries
  • online purchasing between countries is becoming increasingly common
  • stocks are traded from across countries and countries invest in each other (FDI). some financial businesses (pension funds & investment banks) trade large amounts of currencies in order to make profit
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4
Q

explain the political causes for accelerating globalisation

A
  • trade blocs (eg NAFTA, EU) have become more influential and have reduced tariffs, other protectionist measures
  • IGOs (eg IMF, WTO and the World Bank) work to harmonise economies, whilst promoting democratic ideology
  • political views and ideology are expressed in worldwide media outlets (eg BBC, Fox, CNN)
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5
Q

explain how migration is a cause of accelerating globalisation

A
  • international migration has led to extensive family networks living across the globe, leading to the spread of culture and finance (through remittances)
  • international tourism has increased : more people can travel abroad for holidays due to lower transport costs
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6
Q

explain how culture is a cause of accelerating globalisation

A
  • americanisation and westernisation of other (often developing) parts of the world
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7
Q

explain how flow of commodities is a cause of accelerating globalisation

A
  • goods can easily be imported, increasing countries interdependence on one another (some UK bottled water is imported from Fiji, which is 10,000 miles away)
  • the volume of manufactured goods has increased rapidly due to low cost countries such as Bangladesh and Vietnam
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8
Q

explain how technology is a cause for accelerating globalisation

A
  • the internet has rapidly allowed the spread of information and knowledge
  • social networking sites have become very popular (Facebook had 1.5 million users in 2015). networks can allow the spread of culture, ideology and opportunities for migration and tourism
  • enormous server farms exist currently (eg Microsoft’s data centre in Washington) which store substantial amounts of data
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9
Q

list the different types of globalisation

A
  • economic
  • political
  • cultural
  • social
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10
Q

describe the features of economic globalisation

A
  • TNCs trade products internationally, use international outsourcing and offshoring to lower costs
  • industries moved to developing countries to save money on labour, bringing economic growth there
  • trade blocs create economic integration between states, promotes development
  • sources of income from international companies
  • global transactions of money eg buying something that is shipped from China
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11
Q

describe the features of political globalisation

A
  • governments form connections to trade, such as trade deals and trade blocs
  • western democracies especially have had a global influence on political ideas, such as development of market economies in former communist states
  • deregulation (removing state regulations) policies allow markets to grow with an international reach
  • international organisations exist to harmonise national economies and political relations eg the UN
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12
Q

describe the features of cultural globalisation

A
  • exposure to media sources such as television and social media allow a recognition and understanding of other cultures
  • the ability to travel internationally lets people experience cultures
  • individuals have a greater awareness and understanding of world events due to education and news sources
  • westernisation : the domination of western cultural traits in non-western areas eg well known western brands like Starbucks seen in Asia
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13
Q

describe the features of social globalisation

A
  • international immigration is creating multicultural societies where people share, adopt cultures (eg cultural food shops)
  • social networking has revolutionised human connections, as tech platforms enable interactions with people living in different countries and access to international information
  • global NGOs and charities are involved in the global improvement of education and health, such as the World Health Organisation and Amnesty International
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14
Q

what has globalisation led to?

A
  • the lengthening of connections : people can now travel further afield and goods are brought in further away
  • the deepening of connections where connections are penetrating more in depth into most aspects of life
  • faster speed of connections : people can now talk in real time from different parts of the world, you can travel much faster than previously between different countries etc.
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15
Q

describe economic interdependence

A
  • countries are dependent on the flows of labour, products and services entering the country in order for the economy to grow
  • labour provides a workforce ; products and services mean countries can develop and make more money
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16
Q

describe social interdependence

A
  • countries rely on each other for leisure activities eg TV programmes produced in other countries
  • migration has caused social interdependence as there are now diasporas (groups of migrants of the same origin living in another country) all over the world that are dependent on the place they live in
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17
Q

describe political interdependence

A
  • international political issues require countries working together in order to solve them. issues raised must have a unanimous decision from nations
  • countries rely on other countries to intervene if there is political unrest.
  • EXAMPLE : many countries intervened when there was Serbian State sponsored ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians, eventually leading to Kosovo’s independence
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18
Q

describe environmental interdependence

A
  • all nations are affected by other nations’ greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear waste emissions etc. meaning all countries rely on each other to protect the environment
  • EXAMPLE : the nuclear fallout from the Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine reached the UK and France
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19
Q

INCREASING GLOBALISATION THROUGHOUT HISTORY ; 19th and 20th centuries - name the important innovations in transport

A
  • steam power
  • jet aircraft
  • containerisation
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20
Q

how has steam power contributed to globalisation?

A
  • in the 1800s, Britain was leading the world in the use of steam technology
  • this allowed the British to move their goods and armies very quickly into key areas, such as Asia and Africa
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21
Q

how has jet aircraft contributed to globalisation?

A
  • newer and more efficient aircraft have allowed goods to be transported quickly between countries
  • increasing competition between affordable airlines (eg EasyJet, RyanAir, Jet2) has led to more people being able to travel abroad
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22
Q

how has containerisation led to globalisation?

A
  • there are more than 200 million container movements every year and this is extremely important to the global economy.
  • all sorts of goods are transported across the world, lower costs of transport is beneficial for both businesses and consumers
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23
Q

describe the technological advancements which have contributed to globalisation

A

TELEGRAPH - the first telegraph cables were laid across the Atlantic in 1860s
- this allowed for almost instantaneous communication and revolutionised how businesses operated

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24
Q

21ST CENTURY - how are telephones advancing?

A
  • mobile phone use is very common across the world, with smartphones becoming even more popular
  • this has allowed for better global communication
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25
Q

how are broadband and fibre optics advancing?

A
  • since the 1990s, larger amounts of data can be transferred very quickly via cables laid out along the ocean floor
  • introduction of fibre optic cabling for domestic abuse has accelerated telephone, internet and television speeds for the home
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26
Q

how is GPS advancing?

A
  • satellites have allowed companies and people to track goods across the world
  • GPS has become an essential feature of modern cars, and has led to the success of google maps
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27
Q

how is the internet advancing?

A
  • internet is now extremely important
  • approximately 40% of the world’s population have access to it
  • social media is extremely influential, and due to their large numbers of users, has led to the rapid spread of news, knowledge and opinions
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28
Q

DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALISATION - what is a flow?

A
  • when countries share things with one another
  • this is a flow because things are flowing (moving) from one country to another
  • flows can be physical like people or products, but can also be ideas and concepts such as money (capital), services or information
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29
Q

list the different flows of globalisation

A
  • capital
  • labour
  • products
  • services
  • information
  • these are the dimensions of globalisation, the reason why it exists
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30
Q

describe capital flows

A
  • movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade or business production
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31
Q

describe labour flows

A
  • movement of people who move to work in another country
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32
Q

describe product flows

A
  • flows of physical goods from one country to another
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33
Q

describe service flows

A
  • services are ‘footloose’ industries, meaning they can locate anywhere without constraints from resources or other obstacles
  • services flow as they can be produced in a different country to where they are received (eg international call centres)
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34
Q

describe information flows

A
  • any type of information can flow from one place to another via the internet, SMS, phone calls etc.
  • EXAMPLE : international news
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35
Q

GOVERNANCE & DECISION MAKING INFLUENCES GLOBALISATION - what is a switched off area?

A
  • switched off areas are usually excluded from global flows of trade, capital, labour and information
  • these countries are generally left behind whilst other countries prosper and benefit from globalisation
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36
Q

explain the reasons why a country may be switched off from globalisation (environmental)

A
  • landlocked countries cannot be independent in trade (they must rely on its neighbours to travel through before participating in trade)
  • poor fertility of land, mountainous or arid conditions, limited land space can all reduce a country’s ability to produce a commodity for trade
  • some countries are vulnerable to climate change, and so the natural environment could change to unfavourable conditions (sea levels rise, desertification etc.)
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37
Q

explain the reasons why a country may be switched off from globalisation (political)

A
  • the political agenda and governance of a country may limit flows of people or culture (anti-migration policies, censorship etc.)
  • terrorism or active conflict within a region can be hugely detrimental to their global connectivity
  • corruption within the government means money is lost rather than invested
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38
Q

explain the reasons why a country may be switched off from globalisation (economic)

A
  • LEDCs, with little finance extra, cannot afford to invest in ports, infrastructure, incentives for TNCs nor education to improve the skills of its labour force
  • countries with unstable markets or weak currencies will deter investment and businesses
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39
Q

why are global flows seen as a threat in some countries?

A
  • importing raw materials and commodities could hurt domestic suppliers and industries
  • migrants from abroad could create tensions as they may not be wanted
  • foreign information could be seen as a threat (China’s Great Firewall)
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40
Q

INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (IGOs) - what are these?

A
  • organisations that aim to enable switched off countries to become more globalised
  • HOWEVER, these can be controversial in their own ways
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41
Q

IMF - International Monetary Fund
what is the IMF and their role?

A
  • organisation based in Washington that loans money to poorer developing nations
  • one of key conditions for recipient nations is that the country opens up its markets and industries from government control, which in turn leads to privatisation
    -TNCS now have the opportunity to enter those markets more easily, this would generate financial activity and tax, but mainly for their host country (tends to be an MEDC)
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42
Q

why can the IMF be seen as more of a hindrance than help?

A
  • LEDCs fall into debt with their industries privatised, which in turn could lead to profits leaving their country and potential environmental or workforce exploitation
  • countries which struggle to pay their debt will have to cut back on funding in key areas such as education and healthcare, which further damages the country’s economy and welfare
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43
Q

The World Bank
what is the World Bank and their role?

A
  • similar to IMF, loans money to developing nations with aim to improve development, and so enabling globalisation
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44
Q

why is the World Bank seen as controversial?

A
  • like the IMF, the World Bank is also seen as controversial
  • many critics say both organisations don’t benefit developing countries
  • instead, they promote LEDCs to increase their debts, limit the government’s sovereignty
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45
Q

The WTO - World Trade Organisation
who are the WTO and what is their role?

A
  • the WTO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
  • they aim to liberalise trade by removing tariffs, subsidies and quotas
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46
Q

why has the WTO been criticised?

A
  • it has failed to prevent the EU and USA from implementing protectionist measures like subsidies
  • so has been unsuccessful from creating equal opportunities for all countries to trade
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47
Q

ATTITUDES & ACTION OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS - what is meant by free market liberalisation?

A
  • governance model strongly associated with the policies implemented by Ronald Reagan (US) and Thatcher (UK)
  • belief that government interventions in markets would hinder economic growth, development in the long term
  • as a result of market liberalisation, the banking and finance sectors were deregulated in the UK which led to London becoming one of the world’s major financial centres
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48
Q

what is meant by privatisation?

A
  • until 1980s, important assets in the UK, such as railways and utilities, were owned & run by the government
  • Thatcher privatised these state-owned industries ; private companies bought and ran these services, which has continued to the present day
  • allowed the government at the time to raise a lot of money
  • HOWEVER, some critics believe that privatisation compromises the quality of services (such is the case for Northern Rail, despite raising prices for consumers there are increasing strikes which are negatively affecting commuters)
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49
Q

what is meant by encouraging business start-ups?

A
  • around the world, incentives (grants, tax breaks, infrastructure constructed) are provided by governments in order to attract businesses
  • after Sunday trading began in the UK, many foreign businesses (eg Disney) were attracted to establish shops here to profit from this lucrative opportunity
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50
Q

what is foreign direct investment?

A

FDI - several kinds which all involve TNCs increasing economic or industrial activity within a country

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51
Q

describe the several types of FDI

A
  • OFFSHORING : TNCs set up production facilities in developing countries, which have large, cheap workforces (eg Bangladesh)
  • FOREIGN MERGERS : TNCs from different countries join to form one larger company
  • FOREIGN ACQUISITIONS : a TNC acquires another company from abroad, often in a hostile way (may involve local job loss, lack of interest in local environment etc)
  • TRANSFER PRICING : TNCs sometimes channel their profits through subsidiaries in tax havens (eg Ireland)
52
Q

list the different ways national governments can hinder/limit effects of globalisation through policies

A
  • censorship
  • limiting migration
  • trade protectionism
53
Q

what is meant by censorship?

A
  • government restricts flow of information and knowledge through state-controlled media outlets and internet restrictions
  • can be used to limit a population’s knowledge of foreign culture and ideas (eg democracy) which could undermine a dictatorship government
54
Q

what is meant by limiting migration?

A
  • most countries have some sort of border control and migration monitoring
  • with the rise of right-wing, extremist views, more countries have adopted strict migration controls
55
Q

what is meant by trade protectionism?

A
  • involves subsidies, tariffs and quotas which help a country to protect domestic industries
  • EXAMPLE : in 2016, Chinese steel flooded global markets at very low prices —> ‘dumping’ , due to Chinese government subsidies
  • this caused major problems for steel industries around the world including the UK Tata Steel Works, which closed and sold all of its plants as it lost £1 million every day
56
Q

FREE TRADE BLOCS - what are they?

A
  • in order to trade more freely between nations, governments may sign agreements with each other in order to reduce restrictions of the flow of capital and goods
  • free trade may also encourage the movement of people, culture and knowledge
57
Q

describe the benefits of trade blocs

A
  • businesses have a larger potential market to sell to, and so larger potential revenue to make
  • as businesses cater for more demand by increasing their volume of production, many other businesses can benefit by providing raw materials, skilled workers or providing outsourcing opportunities. hence increased business for one may in turn benefit many in a positive feedback loop
  • trade of essential materials or services become more reliable within a trade bloc. there may be less economic risk and better pathways for essential imports (food, energy etc.)
58
Q

describe the disadvantages of trade blocs

A
  • the interests of countries within major trade blocs are focused upon themselves. outside trading countries become excluded, find it very difficult to join in trading.
  • foreign industries and suppliers can be directly damaged as a result of competition or lack of opportunities due to trade blocs forming
  • trade blocs still don’t guarantee fair treatment within, for EXAMPLE : the relationship between Mexico and USA has not strengthened through trade bloc NAFTA
59
Q

why is trading products expensive?

A
  • due to controls and restrictions put on imports and exports
    these restrictions include :
  • tariffs ( a tax for importing/exporting goods)
  • non-tariff barriers (NTBs), such as quotas (a limit/fixed number of goods) or requirements
  • outright bans on products or country import/exports
60
Q

how do trade agreements lower the costs of trade

A
  • these work to benefit all parties involved
  • certain restrictions can be removed or lessened in return for another country doing the same
  • all trade agreements are overlooked by the World Trade Organisation to ensure they are fair
61
Q

state and describe the role of a trade agreement

A

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- agreement has lowered and removed tariffs on imports and exports between Canada, the USA and Mexico
- has been criticised for its effectiveness

62
Q

UNEVEN GLOBALISATION - WINNERS & LOSERS OF GLOBALISATION - name the two main measures of globalisation

A
  • KOF Index
  • AT Kearney Index
63
Q

describe the KOF Index

A
  • measures globalisation of countries for political, economic and social indicators
  • measured on a scale from 1 to 100, where 100 is the most globalised nation
64
Q

describe the weightings of the KOF Index (political)

A
  • POLITICAL (39% weighting on overall score)
    —> membership of international organisations and trade blocs like EU, WTO, IMF, NAFTA
    —> number of foreign embassies located in the country
    —> participation in international treaties
65
Q

describe the weightings of the KOF Index (economic)

A
  • ECONOMIC (37% weighting on overall score)
    —> long distance flow of goods and services and capital
    —> flows of FDI
66
Q

describe the weightings of the KOF Index (social)

A
  • SOCIAL (24% weighting on overall score)
    —> personal contact through international phone calls and tourist numbers
    —> information flow through the number of internet users per 1000 people
    —> cultural proximity through things like the number of McDonalds
67
Q

describe the AT Kearney Index

A
  • measure of globalised cities, by a London business. it considers political, communication, technology & political factors
    —> ECONOMIC INTEGRATION : imports&exports, FDI
    —> PERSONAL CONTACT : telephone traffic, travel&tourism, remittances
    —> TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITY : internet users, internet hosts, secure servers
    —> POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT : membership of international organisations, signatories to international treaties, number of embassies
68
Q

what are simple measures and list a few examples

A
  • simple measures are based upon one single factor, and are the most common statistical measures of wealth and productivity
    —> GNI (gross national income)
    —> PPP (purchasing power parity)
    —> Income per capita
    —> GDP (gross domestic product)
69
Q

define what each of the simple measures listed previously are

A

—> GNI : the value of goods and services by a country, similar to GDP, but GNI also takes into account overseas earnings
—> PPP : expenditure of a country’s population and reflects the cost of living
—> Income per capita : mean average income per person (income of the country by population size). this average can easily hide inequality ; the few high earners have a larger influence of GDP than a majority of low earners
—> GDP : measures total value of goods and services produced in a country.

70
Q

why may using GDP as a simple economic measure be inaccurate?

A
  • this may be inaccurate as GDP doesn’t include any informal earnings or black market economies
  • furthermore, GDP is measured in US dollars, therefore can vary as exchange rates vary daily
71
Q

define the term ‘composite measures’ and list a few examples

A
  • consider a range of factors, therefore are more reliable statistical measures of development
    —> economic sector balance
    —> gender inequality index
    —> human development index
72
Q

describe what the economic sector balance measures

A
  • economic sector balance : considers all four main economic sectors -> primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary ; describes the composition of a country’s industry (often displayed as a bar chart)
    —> as a country develops, primary industries usually decline, their earning reduces whilst secondary and tertiary become more important (according to Clarke-Fisher model)
73
Q

describe what the gender inequality index measures

A
  • measure female participation and treatment within society and considers :
    —> reproductive health : maternal mortality ratio, adolescent birth rates
    —> empowerment : proportion of parliamentary seats held by women
    —> employment : labour force participation rates of women
74
Q

describe what the human development index measures

A
  • measure of social development and considers :
    —> life expectancy
    —> wealth (GDP per capita)
    —> education (literacy levels and average number of years in education )
75
Q

WINNERS & LOSERS —> TNCs - what are TNCS?

A
  • companies operating across multiple countries
  • usually work by having their headquarters, production and sales in all different countries across the globe, meaning they are a crucial aspect of globalisation
76
Q

how do TNCs operate?

A
  • these corporations can provide raw materials, manufactured goods, services or information - they exist in different industries (sectors)
  • overall, TNCs make products, produce jobs, invest in countries and sometimes contribute to cultures
  • some TNCs are very powerful, and can even have political influence
    —> EXAMPLE : the pressurising of some countries to reduce taxes and create SEZs so that TNCs will invest there
77
Q

how are TNCs influential to a country’s level of globalisation?

A
  • some TNC’s have larger revenues than entire countries GDPs
  • furthermore, in 2016, the top 200 TNCs accounted for 25% of the world’s economic activity but only employed 1% of the world’s population
  • HOWEVER, TNCs are no entirely beneficial, as some exploit the environment and population in favour of maximising profits and manufacturing efficiency
78
Q

where are the HQs of TNCs usually located and what are they responsible for?

A
  • HQs are usually located in high income countries
  • HQ is responsible for big decisions, such as investments, meetings with global organisations etc.
  • majority of HQs heavily concentrated within the USA, Europe, Japan as well as many in the emerging economy of China
79
Q

what do TNCs create between different countries and how do these benefit them?

A
  • create links between countries and with other companies
  • linkages are created in order to benefit the TNC, and often includes expanding the company
80
Q

explain how links through FDI are created and describe this link

A

—> LINKS THROUGH FDI : TNCs create links with other countries by investing in them, which benefits the country as this creates jobs and contributes to the economy. TNCs can be investments into a factory, for example, but they may also take the form of mergers and acquisitions

81
Q

explain how links through integration are made and describe this link

A

—> LINKS THROUGH INTEGRATION : TNCs often expand their company by creating linkages between other companies. there are two types of integration :
—> HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION : taking ownership of part of the supply chain eg buying a plantation
—> VERTICAL INTEGRATION : taking ownership of another company, often one that is in a similar industry. the food industry is a prime example of economic integration. a lot of large companies control the majority of smaller companies

82
Q

describe the implications of TNCs

A
  • NATURAL DISASTERS (eg 2011 Tohoku Tsunami) can disrupt supply chains which in turn can affect production and hit profits.
  • a TNCs need for interdependence and global logistics can have major implications on global markets
  • ALTERNATIVELY, the collapse of the Rana Plaza factory in Bangladesh (1134 dead) impacted many garment TNCs
  • the TNCs relying on the garment factory lost profit and their production source, and the whole industry faced intense scrutiny over TNCs exploiting workers and providing unsafe working conditions
83
Q

how do producers spend less money on manufacturing?

A
  • products that are made for consumer audiences, such as smartphones, use global supply chains
  • TNCs may often invest in the source of raw materials also in order to save money in the supply chain
  • EXAMPLE : many TNCs that provide food (like fruit) invest in plantations to lower the cost
84
Q

define the term OUTSOURCING

A
  • TNCs that provide tertiary industry products (services) will often outsource tasks to other companies in order to save money and time.
  • TNCs like Apple outsource their manufacturing process so that profits can be maximised
85
Q

define the term OFFSHORING

A
  • companies that make manufactured goods will often have their factories in LICs due to lower labour costs, better taxes, weaker regulations for workers and weaker environmental regulations
  • this leads to much dispute about the ethical issues with TNCs exploiting poorer citizens in order to maximise their products
86
Q

what is glocalisation and give a few examples

A

—> the adaptation of goods or services by a TNC t meet local needs or tastes, which would increase custom within a select region
—> EXAMPLES : car makers must change the orientation of the car to suit which side of the road a person will drive on
- McDonalds have created a menu without any beef or pork burgers in India, due to the large population of Hindus and Muslims

87
Q

who are the winners and losers of economic change?

A
  • the GLOBAL SHIFT refers to how manufacturing and industrial activity has shifted from different parts of the world
  • prior to the 1960s, manufacturing industries were located in the west in Europe and US
  • however, after the 1960s, industries relocated in the East in countries like China and India, due to their large, unskilled workers
88
Q

OUTSOURCING OF SERVICES TO INDIA - what has attracted high tech companies to locate here?

A
  • many Indian citizens can speak fluent English
  • the Indian government have invested in infrastructure such as broadband capacity
89
Q

what are the benefits of outsourcing?

A
  • workers receive middle class wages which has meant that their disposable incomes have increased
  • other businesses have seen more customers and more spending, especially the likes of shopping malls and nightclubs —> positive multiplier effect
  • people running the companies where services are outsourced to have seen increasing profits
90
Q

what are the costs of outsourcing?

A
  • many workers believe that they are exploited, with long shifts and still lower pay than MEDC workers
  • employees have become demotivated due to the repetitive nature of their work
  • the inequality between the richest and poorest is increasing as the poorest are not well educated and cannot benefit from outsourcing jobs
91
Q

OUTSOURCING OF MANUFACTURING TO CHINA - why has this increased?

A
  • in the 1990s, cities such as Shenzhen and Dongguan offered investors a large pool of cheap labour for manufacturing and other secondary employment
  • since then, the volume of TNCs outsourcing to China has vastly increased
92
Q

what has happened to sweatshops in China?

A
  • previously have accelerated China’s. globalised status
  • have now become less popular due to cheaper labour elsewhere and the bad reputation Chinese governments
  • instead, sweatshops are moving to Bangladesh and Vietnam, whilst new technological outsourcing opportunities move into China, offering higher wages
93
Q

what are the benefits of outsourcing of manufacturing to China?

A
  • new production methods and techniques brought by TNCs have now been adopted by local companies, so causing local economic development
  • locals, especially in rural areas who would otherwise be dependent on subsidence farming, now earn a wage
94
Q

what are the costs of outsourcing of manufacturing to China?

A
  • many employees have been exploited and their working conditions are dangerous —> chemical contact, long hours, limited human rights, relaxed health and safety regulations
  • the environment has been degraded
    —> rivers and waterways have become polluted with arsenic, lead and other dangerous chemicals.
    —> the air becomes polluted with particulates, that increase asthma sufferers and pollution-related fatalities
95
Q

DEINDUSTRIALISATION - what occurred during the 1970s in Europe and America?

A
  • many factory workers lost their jobs as TNCs relocated or outsourced their manufacturing to the East
  • this caused a variety of social and economic impacts, which can be seen in cities such as Detroit and Glasgow
96
Q

describe the social and economic impacts of deindustrialisation

A
  • DERELICTION & CONTAMINATION : many textile companies located in UK northern cities closed and so the building they previously occupied became abandoned and derelict
    —> other areas suffered from abandoned chemical and industrial waste, which has infiltrated the soil and local waterways
  • as a direct consequence of companies moving away, rates of unemployment will increase. this can lead to depopulation, as residents migrate away to find alternative employment. furthermore, deprivation of inner city areas especially will increase, crime rates may increase
97
Q

what is rural-urban migration?

A
  • the migration of people within a country to seek better employment opportunities or a better perceived standard of living tends to be from rural areas to urban areas
98
Q

list and describe urban pull factors which explain why migrants are attracted to the city

A
  • EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES : large businesses, TNCs provide a wide range of jobs, with the opportunity to be promoted to better roles, higher wages
  • SERVICES : better access to services in urban cities, as the distance needed to travel is reduced, there is more likely to be specialised facilities in the city than in rural areas eg education, healthcare, government embassies and offices etc.
  • INFRASTRUCTURE/TRANSPORT LINKS : roads, railways, bus routes etc. are more reliable and faster in urban areas. also, there is better internet and broadband connection in urban areas, due to the ease of installation here rather than in the countryside
99
Q

list and describe rural push factors which deter migrants from rural living

A
  • POVERTY : people may not be able to earn enough (decreasing earning of farming, seasonal tourist employment) and there are very few job opportunities, therefore can be high poverty and deprivation in rural regions
  • CONFLICT (eg Darfur, Sudan) : there may be a scarcity of resources which can cause conflict between different groups, as they fight for resources ( such as water, land for agriculture or natural resources) and wealth
  • CLIMATE AND NATURAL DISASTERS : occurrence of droughts or crop failures can force migration in search of food or water. alternatively, for regions regularly affected by earthquakes, storm surges, landslides etc. families may feel pressured to move elsewhere to avoid economic loss/fatalities
100
Q

describe the challenges faced by growing cities

A
  • strain on services like education and healthcare
  • overcrowding and the development of ‘slums’
  • rising crime rates
  • poor sanitation due to open sewers and defecating outdoors
  • lack of green space
  • high levels of congestion, which causes air pollution.
101
Q

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION - who are the Elite International migrants?

A
  • generally skilled or very wealthy people, with the ability to move to global hubs (eg London, Paris, New York)
  • EXAMPLE : Russian Ogliarchs, who pay Investors Visas and purchase properties in Mayfair, Kensington and Belgrave
  • it is thought that Ogliarchs purchasing elite property in London has caused UK house prices to escalate, which questions the ‘trickle down’ theory that their money would eventually improve other UK citizens, through business and tax
102
Q

who are the Economic International migrants?

A
  • many cities like Riyadh, Dubai, London and New York attract workers who work for very little and are skilled in a particular profession (often construction)
  • economic migration can fill skills gaps and advance a country’s development
  • HOWEVER, unless carefully monitored, could lead to escalating urban populations and a rise in illegal migrants.
103
Q

explain the benefits to the host country of international migration

A
  • helps fill skills gaps
  • working migrants can contribute to the economy through paying taxes and buying goods and services
  • increase in cultural and demographic diversity
  • young migrants can help to balance an ageing population, or increase a dwindling population over time
  • businesses have a larger pool of potential employees or customers
104
Q

explain the costs to the host country of international migration

A
  • rise of far right organisations, hate crime and racial tensions if there is a lack of understanding between migrants and original population
  • could be strains on services (eg healthcare, education) due to an increasing population
  • house price inflation due to higher demand
105
Q

explain the benefits to the source country of international migration

A
  • migrants can send back remittances which can aid in development and reduce poverty without government intervention
  • migrants become skilled and can come back to set up their own businesses, encouraging local economic growth and employment opportunities
  • reduced service spending for the government as population declines
106
Q

explain the costs to the source country of international migration

A
  • brain drain due to skilled workers leaving
  • migrants tend to be young, so elderly family are left behind and can become isolated
  • decline in services due to low customer numbers, which can lead to the negative multiplier effect, in turn reducing other businesses and services
  • agricultural land not taken care of, with potential dereliction
107
Q

CULTURE & SOCIAL GLOBALISATION - what are the features that make up culture?

A
  • LANGUAGE : national languages as well as different dialects and accents
  • TRADITIONS : everyday behaviour and manners that have been passed down through generations
  • RELIGION : there are major religions across the world
  • FOOD : national dishes and diet reflect animals, crops and spices that are found locally
108
Q

what are the factors that can influence culture?

A
  • media
  • migration
  • TNCs
  • businesses
  • social media
  • HOWEVER, within recent years, there has been large change to cultures and ideologies for developed and developing populations
109
Q

state an example of how culture has been influenced by one of these factors

A
  • traditional Asian diets are low in meat
  • HOWEVER, as China develops, the middle class population is growing and so people are starting to adapt their diets to western influences (introduced by Western TNCs
  • from 1990s till 2015, meat consumption per capita rose from 5kg to 50kg
110
Q

what are the impacts this change to diet has had on China

A
  • obesity has increased, especially within the growing middle class population
  • a rise in cattle rearing has led to a rise in methane emissions which in turn is increasing global warming
111
Q

describe a positive example of changes to culture

A
  • in China, research conducted showed that only 25% of disabled people were employed which suggested stigma against disabled individuals
  • HOWEVER, in the 2012 Paralympics, the Chinese came first with their team
  • the Paralympics could show how global attitudes towards disabilities positively
112
Q

explain what is meant by the term ‘cultural erosion’

A
  • communities being exposed suddenly to a new culture can face sudden change or reduction to their own culture
  • young people are especially vulnerable to cultural diffusion/erosion
  • due to the sensitivity and value of culture to some communities (eg indigenous communities) this can cause conflict.
113
Q

RESISTING CULTURAL CHANGE - EXAMPLES

A
  • FRANCE : the French government has attempted to control globalisation by restricting foreign language media (40% of all broadcast must be French)
  • CHINA : ‘The Great Firewall of China’ prevents information unfavourable of the government or foreign media outlets. within China, you cannot access the BBC, use Facebook or search for politically sensitive information
  • IRAN : in the early 2000s, the government banned Barbie dolls and confiscated them all from stores as they weren’t seen as appropriate for the Islamic State.
114
Q

WIDENING INEQUALITY GAP - how has this occurred around the world?

A
  • average incomes have risen in all continents since the 1950s but the poorest parts of Africa have seen very little and slow growth
  • the increase in weather of Europe and North America has resulted in the widening gap between the richest and poorest in the world
  • absolute poverty has fallen across but still is high
115
Q

what has happened to income per capita in Asia since the 1970s?

A
  • has risen significantly due to Japan and South Korea’s modernisation
  • (in 2010, income per capita in Asia stood at US$7000)
116
Q

what has happened to incomes in African countries?

A
  • incomes in some African countries (especially sub-Saharan countries) has remained stagnant
  • HOWEVER, within Africa, there are big disparities and so Africa (like other continents) should not be viewed as a whole
  • in Northern Africa, countries like Algeria and Tunisia are much wealthier than Southern African countries due to natural oil wealth
117
Q

describe what the GINI COEFFICIENT is a measure of

A
  • measures the inequality of wealth shared across a population and scores a country from 0-100
  • 0 represents perfect equality, whereby everyone has the same income
  • 100 represents perfect inequality, where one person has all the income
118
Q

GLOBALISATION CAUSING GROWING CONFLICT & DEGRADATION - what has happened to far right parties in Europe?

A
  • within Europe, far right parties and organisations have become more popular and support for them has increased
  • this has accelerated since the expansion of the EU in 2004 (8 Eastern European countries have been added) and so an increase in the flow of migrants
  • EXAMPLE : Germany has accepted the largest number of migrants of any EU country but growing concern and tensions over such a large influx has led to the rise of Pegida
119
Q

describe an example of how globalisation has not eased environmental/political conflicts between countries

A
  • MEKONG RIVER : flows from China through Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand
  • since the 1990s, various dams have been constructed along the river, causing increasing political tensions between the countries
  • increasing pressures for national governments (increasing population, desire to develop etc.) will increase conflicts between states for : fossil fuels, rivers, islands for naval bases, land for living or farming
120
Q

PROTECTING CULTURAL IDENTITY - how have some cultures/indigenous communities strengthened their identity?

A
  • TOURISTS are attracted to experience their culture or witness their traditional lifestyle (eg Papua New Guinea)
  • alternatively, indigenous (live in one location) or nomadic (travelling between locations) have grouped together, to support each other and maintain their traditional lifestyles.
  • despite TNCs threat to drill for oil within their territories, indigenous communities continue to prosper in Canada (called the First Nations), Siberia and Alaska
121
Q

SUSTAINABILITY & LOCALISM - give some examples of environmental issues linked to globalisation

A
  • growing insecurity over energy, food and water
  • an increasing middle class and the growing global population will continue to increase demand
122
Q

why have people started to adopt localism as a way of life?

A
  • TNCs have developed global production networks through cheap labour, low transport costs, which has helped TNCs to minimise costs, maximise profits
  • many people however criticise the environmental costs (eg high CO2 emissions) associated with TNCs success
    —> LOCALISM is the reduction of globally sourced goods instead purchasing locally-sourced, sustainable products to protect the environment and vulnerable individuals
123
Q

what are the advantages of localism?

A
  • local suppliers can generate more revenue and they can provide more jobs for locals
  • lower carbon emissions are food transported over shorter distances
  • deliveries can be much quicker and may cost less
124
Q

what are the disadvantages of localism?

A
  • foreign suppliers in developing countries may lose out and jobs may be lost abroad
  • overall cost is higher, due to higher wages and manufacturing costs
  • low income families many not have the financial ability to afford local produce
125
Q

TRANSITION TOWNS - state and describe what Totnes is doing

A
  • Totnes, in Devon, is the world’s first transition town which has its own currency (Totnes Pound)
  • Totnes Pound encourages spending in independent stores, therefore benefitting the local economy rather than chains or TNC stores
126
Q

what do transition towns promote?

A
  • AIM : to support local economies
  • PROMOTE :
    —> reducing consumption through reusing and recycling
    —> reducing waste, pollution and environmental damage
    —> meeting local needs through local production
127
Q

FAIRTRADE - what is its aim?

A
  • to secure better pay to producers and growers and includes coffee, cocoa and bananas
  • fairtrade certification provides consumer confidence that suppliers are being paid a fair price for what they produce
  • HOWEVER, as the scheme continues to grow, it’s increasingly difficult to ensure profits are distributed properly to the growers and producers

edexcel a level geography (4 decks)

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