3 Nazi GER '33-'39

Question 1

Reichstag Fire ‘33

Answer 1

Feb 27 ‘33, Reichstag building set on fire by Der Lubbe

Reichstag fire Decree…

Question 2

March ‘33 elections

Answer 2

Nazis increased membership to 288.. removed coalition partners
HOWEVER, did not have required 2/3rds majority

Pressured Reichstag members
Used powers to prevent all 81 COMMs + 26 of 120 social democrats from occupying seats
+ deals with other pol. parties

MANAGE TO GAIN SLIM MAJORITY

Question 3

Enabling Act

Answer 3

Passed on 23 March ‘33

Question 4

Banning of pol. parties 33

Answer 4

1 Ensured GER.’s 18 separate parliaments had Nazi majority
2 MAY ‘33: banned trade unions
3 JULY ‘33: H. passed law banning all opposing pol. parties

JAN ‘34: Abolished all state parliaments

Question 5

NLK ‘34

Answer 5

June ‘34: compiled a list ‘The Reich List of Unwanted Persons’
Distributed list to Gestapo
On June 30 ‘34, over period of 4 days, 400 people, inc. 150 key SA members were shot

Question 6

Death of Hindenburg

Answer 6

2 Feb ‘34
H. combined powers of Chancellor & Pres.

Question 7

TERROR [SS]

Answer 7

Established in ‘25

Led by Himmler from ‘29 [1
000 members]

• Post ‘34, in charge of whole of GER., 52 000 members

Question 8

Terror [GESTAPO]

Answer 8

Set up in ‘33 by Goering [orig. Prussian secret police force]
- In ‘34, absorbed by SS & in ‘39, merged with SD

By ‘39, 150 000 under ‘protective arrest’ in prisons

Had control of reg. courts by ‘42

Question 9

TERROR [Conc camps]

Answer 9

First set up in ‘33 to detain pol. prisoners [DACHAU]
By ‘39, death camps set up to organise mass murder of Jews

Question 10

TERROR [police & courts]

Answer 10

Judges swore loyalty..
Nazi Lawyers’ association..

‘People’s Courts’ set up in ‘34

Death penalty rose from 3 to 46 crimes

Question 11

PROP. + censorship [radio]

Answer 11

By ‘30, more radios per person in GER than anywhere else in EUR.

Question 12

PROP. + censorship [cinema]

Answer 12

Excellent potential for broadcasting beliefs [audiences over 250M in ‘33]

Question 13

PROP + censorship [the Press]

Answer 13

By ‘44, 82% of press owned by Nazis

Nazi News Agency ensured editors only published pro-Nazi stories

Question 14

PROP + censorship [the ARTS]

Answer 14

G. set up Reich Chamber of Culture in ‘33

List of banned books.. & promoted books pertaining to race and war

Banned jazz / modern art

Question 15

PROP [sports]

Answer 15

‘36 BER Olympics
GER won 33 gold medals.. however Owens won 4 GOLD MEDALS

Question 16

PROP. [rallies]

Answer 16

Mass rallies.. image of power, unity & order

Yearly weeklong rally at Nuremburg

Use of modern technology

Question 17

Youth movements ‘33-‘45

Answer 17

By ‘33, HJ absorbed most of youth movements in GER.
- By ‘36, had 5.4M voluntary members (82% of GER. youth)

HJ..

BDM..

Question 18

Failures & youth opp

Answer 18

‘36.. youth members grew disillusioned [regimented training & prop. talks]
‘39.. used to aid air raid wardens & fire brigades on home front

Swing youth

Edelweiss pirates
Activities grew in severity from ‘43-‘45
.. those involved in Cologne Plan were hanged

Question 19

WOMEN [marriage] ‘33-39

Answer 19

Granted loans of 100 000 marks to every married couple [reduced by 250 marks with every child]

Question 20

WOMEN [childbirth] ‘33-39

Answer 20

‘Motherhood Cross’ to mothers with over four children
‘Lebensborn’ prog.

Birth rate increased from 970 000 in ‘33 to 1.4M in ‘39

Question 21

WOMEN [work] ‘33-39

Answer 21

In ‘33, Nazis banned all married female doctors & civil servants from working

No. of women attending university decreased from 25% in ‘33 to 10% in ‘35

HOWEVER.. labour shortages overruled Nazi policies
Employment increased by 2.4M between ‘33 and ‘39

Question 22

CHURCHES ‘33-‘39

Answer 22

Majority of GERs were Christians [40M Protestants & 22M Catholics]

H. sought to eliminate church.. co-op & increasingly by force

Question 23

CHURCHES [Protestant]

Answer 23

Represented 2/3rds of the pop.
Between ‘25 & ‘32, 82% of new party recruits had been Protestant

In ‘32, Muller founded the GER Christian movement / in ‘36 merged churches to create a ‘Reich Church’

OPP: Confessional Church set up in Sept. ‘33
Grew to 5 000 pastors

In ‘37, Niemoller & 800 other pastors were deported

Question 24

CHURCHES [Catholic]

Answer 24

Represented 1/3rd of the GER pop.
International.. took lead from Vatican

Signed Concordat in July ‘33 to ensure H. would not interfere with church matters

Summer ‘33.. concordat had been breached
Seized control of property & placed priests under surveillance
‘36 Nazis banned Catholic youth groups

OPP: Galen
In ‘36, led protest against removal of crucifixes

‘37: issued criticisms of regime ‘Mit Brennender Sorge’ [With Burning Grief]

Question 25

NAZI persecution ‘33-39

Answer 25

‘33: began persecution / Jewish people removed from public office

1 Apr. ‘33: April Boycott

‘35: Nuremburg Laws
Removed Jewish Citizenship / banned relationships between Jews & non-Jews

‘38: increase in restrictions / Jews had to register possessions with govt.
Had to carry J identity cards

‘38: Kristallnacht
7 Nov ‘38, Grynszpan shot Von Rath
SS encouraged GER citizens to enact revenge
9 Nov ‘38: attack of Jewish property
400 synagogues destroyed
100 Jewish people killed; 30 000 sent to conc. camps

1B atonement tax

‘39: persec increases
Jan: Reich office for immigration [enforced immigration]
+ Apr. ‘39, introduction of ghettos

Question 26

UNEMPLOYMENT policies

Answer 26

Nazis had risen on back of huge unemployment.. had to deliver promises

Labour Front [DAF]
May ‘33: Nazi ‘trade union’

Strength through Joy [KDF]

National Labour Service [RAD]
‘33: set up as manual labour for unemployed
‘35: compulsory for all men to serve at least 6 mths
—–
Rearmament
Secret memo in ‘36, H. declared plans to expand econ. to wage war
‘FOUR YEAR PLAN’

‘35: military conscription
‘39: 1 360 000 members in GER army
Increased demand for arms & equipment..

Arms funding increased to 26B marks
‘33-‘39: iron & steel product. trebled

Question 27

Unemployment policies.. success?

Answer 27

In ‘33, unemployment was 6M; by ‘39, fallen to half a million

HOWEVER
1 ‘the invisible unemployed’
2 existence of jobs not possible in normal econ. circumstances
inc. war econ. + Nazi terror orgs + public works programmes