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Social Studies > 30-1 > Flashcards

30-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who were/are the first humans to settle in Australia?

A

Aborigines

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2
Q

Minimum, how many years ago was Australia settled?

A

40,000

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3
Q

Who were/are the first humans to settle in New Zealand?

A

Maori

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4
Q

Who was the first European to reach New Zealand and Australia? Who did he claim these lands for?

A

James Cook

Great Britain

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5
Q

What is a penal colony? Which modern Oceanic country was established as a penal colony?

A

Prison Colony

Australia

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6
Q

When did Australia and New Zealand gain independence?

A

Firstdecadeof20thcentury(1901and1907,respectively)

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7
Q

WhatwordshaveAustraliansintroducedintothecommonvernacular?

A

“mate”

“fairgo”

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8
Q

HowdoesNewZealanddemonstrateitsoppositiontonuclearweapons?

A

NoshipscarryingnucleararmsareallowedinNewZealandwaters

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9
Q

WhathappenedtotheAboriginesduringthecolonizationperiod?

A

Colonistsforcedthemofftheirland
Thousandsdiedfromdisease
Survivorsforcedtoworkonsheepandcattlestations
AboriginecultureslowlydiedaspartofadoptionofEuropean culture

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10
Q

Whatisastation?

A

Extremely large ranch

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11
Q

WhathappenedtotheMaoriduringthecolonizationperiod?

A
  • BritainpromisedtoprotectMaoriland
  • Colonistsbrokepromiseandbloodywarwaswaged
  • 1872,colonistsultimatelydefeatedMaori
  • MaoriforcedtoadoptEnglishways
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12
Q

Minimum,howmanyyearsagowerethePacificIslandssettled?

A

30,000

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13
Q

WhichPacificIslandwasfirstsettled?

A

New Guinea (Melanesia)

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14
Q

Thoughsimilaritiesdidexist,whydidthePacificIslands
developanextraordinarynumberofdiversecultures?Whydo
theseculturessharecertaincharacteristics?

A

Distancebetweenislandspreventedcommunication

Theyalllivedinoceanenvironment,sodespitegreatdifferences,all Pacific Islanders adopted lives revolved around ocean.

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15
Q

WhichWesternnationshadestablishedcoloniesinthePacificIslands?

A

Germany
France
Great Britain
United States

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16
Q

WhichEasternnationestablishedcoloniesinthePacific?

A

Japan

17
Q

Inwhatway(s)didWesternnationsinfluencenativePacific

Islandcultureandsociety?

A
  • Mostgovernmentswererepublicanordemocratic
  • MostchurcheswereChristian
  • Islandersbecamebilingual(nativelanguageplusEnglish)
  • Foreigncompaniesoperatebusinessesandlargefarms
18
Q

WhosettledEasterIsland?Howdidtheyarrive?WhatdidthesesettlerscallEasterIsland?

A
  • SmallgroupofPolynesians

Rowedcanoesacrossocean,navigatingbythestars(evening)and
oceanswells(daytime) - Unknownwhytheyleftnativeland -

CalledEasterIslandRapaNui

19
Q

Whataremoai?

A

MonolithicstatuesbuiltbysettlersofEasterIslandtohonor
theirancestors

20
Q

WhatarethesettlersofEasterIslandcalled?

A

Rapanui

21
Q

ApproximatelywhatyearistraditionallyidentifiedforEaster
Island’s Rapanui settlement?

A

800 AD

22
Q

WhatisthelatesttheoryaboutwhathappenedtotheRapanui
ofEasterIsland?Howwasthisconclusionarrivedat?Howdoesitdifferwiththetraditionaltheoryaboutwhatoccurred?

A

Combinationofconsumingalltheisland’sbirds,whoseguano
fertilizedthesoil,slashandburnagriculture,andrats

Didnotcuttreesdownforuseinmovingmoai

Othernearbyislandshadsimilarcircumstanceswheredeforestation
occurredwhenthebirdswereallconsumed

RatshadbeenbroughttoallPacificIslands,butdeforestationdidn’toccuratallofthem,onlyoneswithbirdspeciesentirelyeatenby
humans

23
Q

Howwerethemoaistatueslikelymoved?Howdidarchaeologistsarrivethisconclusion?

A

Uprightwiththreesetsofrope

Arrivedatconclusionbynoticingpatternsbetweenstatuesthatfellon
road(behindorfacedown),aswellasdifferencesinbasesofstatuesandlocationofcenterofgravitybetweenfallenstatuesandthosethatmadeit todestination

Patternsoffallingareonlyconsistentwithanuprightstatue

Thensimplematterofexperimentinguntiltheywereabletoget
placementofropes,numberofpplandhowthey’redistributed,etc.
right.

24
Q

HowdoarchaeologistsnowbelieveRapanuiattemptedtostaveoffdeforestationdisaster?

A

Rockmulching.Mineralsfromrocksleechintosoil.Keepsoil
andwater / mulching in place

25
Q

WhyisEasterIslandknownas“EasterIsland”?

A

Dutch Traders landed on the island on Easter Day

26
Q

HowdoanthropologistsknowAustralia’sAboriginesarethe

world’soldestcivilization?

A

DNAwasextractedfromlivingAboriginesaswellasnative
Papuans

Geneticcharacteristicsmatchedasingleancestralgroupofmigrantswho left Africa around 72,000 years ago

27
Q

HowhasconfirmationAustralia’sAboriginesaretheworld’s
oldestcivilizationaffectedourunderstandingofhumanity’s
evolution?

A

Suggeststherewasasingle“outofAfrica”event,ratherthan
multipleones

28
Q

HowdidAboriginalancestorsbecomegeneticallyisolated?

A

CrossedintoSahulprehistoricsupercontinentofAustralia,Tasmania, andNewGuinea

Around10,000yearsago,waterlevelsroseandseparated
Sahulfromrestofworld

29
Q

WhendidAustraliansandPapuansbecomegeneticallydistinctfromtherestofhumanity?Whydidthisoccur?

A

58,000yearsago

UnknownaswaterseparationbetweenAustraliaandGuineahadn’t
yetoccurred

Theorizedbreakcouldhavebeenattributedtoearlyfloodingofthe

CarpentariaBasinthatleftAustraliaconnectedtoNewGuinea
byonlyanarrow,impassablestripofland

30
Q

WhendidAboriginesbecomegeneticallydistinctfromone

another?Whydidthisoccur?

A

31,000yearsago

Likelyresultofinhospitabledesertintheinteriorofthecontinent

31
Q

WhatmakesAboriginallanguagessoodd?Whathypotheses

existtoexplainsuchoddity?

A

90%ofAboriginallanguageisonly4000yearsold

PossibleanswerhasbeenthatasecondmigrationintoAustraliaby
peoplespeakingthislanguageoccurredaround4,000years
ago

MorelikelypreviouslyunidentifiedinternaldispersalofAboriginesthat
sweptfromthenortheastacrossAustraliaaroundthattimeledtothe
linguisticandculturallinkingofthecontinent’sindigenouspeople;thispeoplethendisappearedfromrecord

Social Studies (3 decks)

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