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POM 3 G: IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION > 3.15 Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

3.15 Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen

A

Any molecule which can be recognised by an antibody or the adaptive immune system

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2
Q

What do all hypersensitivity reactions require from the immune system

A

To have become pre sensitised and so have adaptive immunological memory

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3
Q

Which antibody are y shaped

A

E, d, g

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4
Q

Which antibody is a pentamer

A

M

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5
Q

Which antibody is a dimer

A

A

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6
Q

IgA shape

A

Dimer

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7
Q

IgM shape

A

Pentamer

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8
Q

IgG shape

A

Y

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9
Q

IgD shape

A

Y

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10
Q

IgE shape

A

Y

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11
Q

Effector cd4 T cell function

A

Activation of macrophages, b cells and other cells

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12
Q

Effector and memory cd8 cell function

A

Killing infected target cells and macrophage activation

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13
Q

Treg function

A

Regualtes suppression of immune and inflammatory responses

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14
Q

T helper 1 cell function

A

Cell mediated immunity, macrophage activation and inflammation

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15
Q

Other name for type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity

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16
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Allergic reaction provoked by re exposure to an allergen (antigen)

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17
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity diseases

A

Atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria (hives)

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18
Q

Which antibody mediates type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

A

IgE

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19
Q

When do non allergic individuals make IgE

A

Response to parasitic infection or very potent venoms

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20
Q

When do allergic individuals make IgE

A

Exposure to allergens, common multivalent environmental antigens

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21
Q

Diagnosis of allergy

A

Skin prick test

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22
Q

Factors in responding to allergens to cause ige productions

A

Age, genetics, environment

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23
Q

Initial sensitisation of immune response to allergens results in

A

Generation of type 2 helper cd4 T cells and follicular t helper cells

Which produce cytokines il4 and il13 (act on b cells to promote formation of IgE )

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24
Q

Which T cells are produced in sensitisation to allergens

A

Type 2 cd4 t helper cells and b cell helper follicular cd4 T cells

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25
Q

What do the t helper cells produced in sensitisation to an allergen produce

A

Cytokines il4 and 13

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26
Q

What do il4 and 13 do in sensitisation to allergens

A

Act on b cells to promote production of IgE

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27
Q

Once produced what happens to IgE

A

Rapidly bound to surface of mast cells and basophils

28
Q

Which cells express a high affinity IgE receptor

A

Mast cells and basophils

Fc epsilon receptor 1

29
Q

What happens when an allergen is encountered by cell bound IgE

A

Rapid cross linking and degranulation of mast cell or basophil

30
Q

Histamine and heparin function

A

Inc vascular permeability and cause smooth muscle contraction

31
Q

What is a slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis

A

Leukotrienes- contract pulmonary smooth muscle and inc vascular permeability

32
Q

End product of allergic reaction

A

Release of histamine which recruits other cells to promote further th2 differentiation and smooth muscle contracting molecules such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins

33
Q

Smooth muscle contracting molecules

A

Prostaglandins nad Leukotrienes

34
Q

What causes the phases of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

The variety of molecules released

35
Q

Phases of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Early, later and late

36
Q

Early phase of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Occurs within minutes by bio active small molecules released directly by mast cells

37
Q

Later response of 1 hypersensitivity

A

Within a few hours as result of recruitment of early inflammatory cells (neutrophils)

38
Q

Late phase of 1 hypersensitivity

A

3-4 days after exposure where high frequencies of eosinophils are recruited and th2 cells are present

39
Q

Overall type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Initial sensitisation where th2 cells and b cells products il4 and 13 which promote IgE production

Reexposure causes degrnukatuon of sensitised mast or basophils releasing histamine, heparin and proteases causing the 3 phases of reaction

40
Q

Other name for type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity

41
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity involves

A

Destruction of cells by IgM or IgG antibodies bound to antigens present on the surface of cells

Can be exposure to a foreign antigen (drug) or to a a self antigen

42
Q

Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Mismatched blood transfusion,

HDFN,

Immune thrombocytopenia,

Graves

43
Q

How can type 2 result in disease

A

Anti-receptor activity (block or activate function)

Antibody dependent cell- mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Activation of complement cascade

44
Q

Complement cascade

A

Antibody on surface of cells recognised by COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS leading to the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEXES (MAC) in the cell surface then cell death due to LOSS OF OSMOTOIC INTEGRITY

Also results in inflammation, opsonisation, recruitment

45
Q

What can type 2 hypersensitivity result in

A

Tissue injury including local or systemic inflammation
Cell depletion leading to loss of function

46
Q

Where do antibodies bind antigens in ADCC

A

By Fc receptors - express cells such as granulocytes and NK cells leading to direct lysis of target cells and the release of inflammatory meadiatore chemokines and cytokines

47
Q

What else is type 3 hypersensitivity known as

A

Immune complex driven disease

48
Q

What is an immune complex

A

Non cell bound antigen antibody complexes which are normally cleared through immune system activity

49
Q

What happens in type 3 hypersensitivity

A

If immune complexes can’t be cleared effeiciently (if reactive against self antigens) the get deposited in blood vessels wall causing inflammation and tissue damage

50
Q

Symptoms of type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Fever, rashes, joint pain and protein in the urine, vasculitis (if blood vessels), glomerulonepheinitis (if kidneys), arthritis (if joints)

51
Q

Type 3 symptoms if in blood vessels

A

Vasculitis

52
Q

Type 3 symptoms if in kidney

A

Glomerulonephritis

53
Q

Type 3 symptoms if in the joints

A

Arthritis

54
Q

Diseases including type 3

A

Autoimmune diseases such as SLE, rheumatoid arthritis multi0e sclerosis

55
Q

SLE as a type 3 reactions

A

Patients develop IgG against dna or proteins in nucleus of cells forming persistent immune complex deposits

56
Q

Other name for type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Delayed type or T cell mediated hypersensitivity

57
Q

What needs to occur for type 4

A

Pre Sensitisation

Antigen presented to naive T cells by dendritic cells

58
Q

Type 4

A

Re exposure to antibody that the system is pre sensitised to promoted inflammation at the site of exposure

Require recruitment and expansion and so is slightly slower - often a. Delay between exposure and response (e.g. poison ivy: contact dermatitis)

59
Q

Adjuvant

A

Substance which activates or enhances body’s immune response against an antigen

60
Q

Allergen

A

An antigen which can elicit an allergic reaction

61
Q

Hapten

A

Small molecule which on its own isn’t antigenic but when associated with a large carrier can form an antigen

62
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Undesirable, adverse or excessive pathological immune response to an antigen

63
Q

Immunogen

A

Antigen that on its own can elicit an immune response

64
Q

Immunogenicity

A

Ability of a substance to elicit an immune response

65
Q

DAMP (damage associated molecular patterns)

A

Molecules released as a result of non apoptotic death

Recognised by and activate the innate immune system

66
Q

PAMP (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

A

Common molecular patterns found in pathogens and microbes but not normally found in hist cells

Recognise and activate ioonnate immune system

67
Q

PRR’s (pattern recognition receptors)

A

Host proteins that recognises DAMPS and PAMPS

POM 3 G: IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION (10 decks)

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