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From Flashcardlet > 322-A&P EXAM I > Flashcards

322-A&P EXAM I Flashcards

0
Q

Transrespiratory Pressure

A
  • Sum of transpulmonary pressure (PL) and transthoracic pressure (PW)
  • Inward and outward recoil forces of the lungs and thorax are in equilibrium with each other
  • Is 0 mmHg under resting conditions
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1
Q

Ventilation

A

Process of moving gas in and out of lungs

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2
Q

Rule of thumb for estimating Anatomical Dead Space (Bedside method)

A

1 mL for every pound of ideal body weight

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3
Q

Structures in nose that increase surface area

A

Concha (turbinates)

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4
Q

Physiologic Dead Space

A

Sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space

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5
Q

Normal value for total compliance in adult

A

0.1 L/cm H2O

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6
Q

Name the major muscles of inspiration

A

Diaphragm and External intercostal muscles

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7
Q

Functions of the upper airway

A

Warms, humidifies, and filters

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8
Q

Pharynx

A

Behind nasal-oral cavity—extends down to larynx

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9
Q

Narrowest part of airway in INFANT

A

Cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

Muscles used during forceful expiration

A

Internal intercostal muscles

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11
Q

Oropharynx

A

Behind oral cavity from soft palate to base of tongue

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12
Q

Explain how the chest wall increases in 3-dimensions

A

Combined rib and diaphragm movements during inspiration cause a 3-dimensional increase in thoracic volume: anterior-posterior, transverse, and vertical dimensions all increase simultaneously

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13
Q

Respiration

A

Process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in lungs and the blood

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14
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation momentarily removes less CO2 than the body produces, alveolar and blood PCO2 increases

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15
Q

Name the parts of the upper airway

A

Nose, oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box)

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16
Q

Transthoracic Pressure (PW)

A
  • Difference between intrapulmonary pressure (PPL) and body surface pressure (PBS)
  • Pressure difference across thoracic wall
  • Equal to outward recoil force of thorax when there is no airflow
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17
Q

Airway Resistance

A

Produced by frictional resistance to gas flow

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18
Q

Normal value of airway resistance in adult

A

0.5-1.5 cm H2O/L/sec

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19
Q

Correct units for Airway Resistance

A

cm H2O/L/sec

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20
Q

Normal value of Alveolar PCO2

A

40 mmHg

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21
Q

How does a patient with restrictive lung disease breathe?

A

Rapid and shallow

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22
Q

What is the pressure (in mmHg) of water vapor at normal body temperature?

A

47 mmHg

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23
Q

Name the two functions of surfactant in the lungs

A
  1. Decreases surface tension

2. Prevents alveolar collapse

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24
Q

Normal value of Alveolar PO2

A

100 mmHg

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25
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Behind nasal cavity down to soft palate

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26
Q

Bradypnea

A

Below normal rate of breathing

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27
Q

Normal value for lung compliance in adult

A

0.2 L/cm H2O

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28
Q

Anatomical Dead Space

A

Conducting airways from mouth to nose down to and including terminal bronchioles; no gas exchange occurs here

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29
Q

Describe LaPlace’s Law

A
  • If collapsing force of surface tension is opposed by an equal counterpressure, alveolus remains distended
  • Distending pressure (P) = 2 X Surface tension (T) / Alveolar radius (R)
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30
Q

Name major UNPAIRED cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Epiglottic cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
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31
Q

What happens to chest wall/lung pleura and barometric pressure when a hole is present in chest wall?

A

a. The sub-atmospheric pressure within the cavity draws air in from atmosphere because of pressure gradient—leads to pneumothorax

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32
Q

Function of the diaphragm

A

Major muscle of ventilation, divides thoracic and abdominal cavities

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33
Q

Alveolar Dead Space

A

Volume contained in nonperfused alveoli (with no blood flow)

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34
Q

Volume changes in Obstructive lung diseases.

A

FVC–Decreased
FEV1-Normal
FEV1/FVC-Decreased

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35
Q

Name major PAIRED cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Arytenoid cartliage
  • Corniculate cartilage
  • Cuneiform cartilage
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36
Q

What lung volume is being measured in Body Box?

A

Residual Volume

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37
Q

How is anatomical dead space measured?

A

Fowler technique, patient first exhales maximally to residual volume (RV), then takes maximal inhalation of 100% O2 to total lung capacity, then exhales to RV again

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38
Q

Name two characteristics of surfactant composition.

A
  1. Complex substance composed of 90% phospholipid and 10% protein
  2. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) comprises 50% of surfactant’s phospholipid content and is primarily responsible for surfactant’s surface-tension lowering properties
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39
Q

Narrowest part of airway in ADULT

A

Glottis

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40
Q

Conducting airways

A

Right/left main stem bronchi–>lobar bronchi–>segmental bronchi–>sub-segmental bronchi

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41
Q

Normal value for chest wall compliance in adult

A

0.2 L/cm H2O

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42
Q

Pulmonary Surfactant

A

Special surface-tension altering substance that lines the alveoli

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43
Q

Describe the conducting airways

A
  • Tubes that connect atmospheric air with gas exchange membrane in lungs
  • No gas exchange occurs in these airways
  • Merely pathways through which air moves
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44
Q

Describe the respiratory mucosa epithelium

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium interspersed with goblet cells

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45
Q

How does a patient with obstructive lung disease breathe?

A

Slow and deep

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46
Q

Tachypnea

A

Above normal rate of breathing

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47
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Above normal depth of breathing

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48
Q

What are the phrenic nerves and where do they originate?

A
  • Supply motor innervation to hemidiaphragms

- Originate from right and left cervical nerve plexuses as branches of cervical spinal nerves C3 to C5

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49
Q

Where is pulmonary surfactant made?

A

It is secreted by alveolar type II cells

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50
Q

What muscles contract during inspiration?

A

Ventilatory muscles

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51
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Below base of tongue and above larynx

52
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation momentarily removes more CO2 per minute than is metabolically produced, alveolar and blood PCO2 decrease

53
Q

Functions of the nose

A

Air conditioning and filtering device

54
Q

Divisions of larynx

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx

55
Q

Volume changes in Restrictive lung disease.

A

FVC-Decreased
FEV1-Decreased
FEV1/FVC-Normal or increase

56
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure (PL)

A
  • Difference between alveolar pressure (PA) and intrapleural pressure (PPL)
  • Distending pressure across alveolar walls
  • Equal to elastic recoil force of the lungs when there is no airflow
57
Q

Hypopnea

A

Below normal depth of breathing

58
Q

Minute ventilation

A

volume of air either entering or leaving the lung each minute; air inhaled must be equal to the air exhaled each minute

59
Q

How does airway resistance change in inspiration and expiration and why?

A

When flow decreases, airway resistance increases; when flow increases, airway resistance decreases . This is because flow is directly related to airway radius.

60
Q

Normal value for chest wall compliance

A

0.2 L/ cm H2O

61
Q

Patient sitting in normal upright position–end expiratory respiratory level. What is the difference in alveoli during/ after inhalation? Where will most of the air go?

A

????

62
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation momentarily removes more CO2 per minute than is metabolically produced, alvolar and blood PCO2 decreases

63
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

Volume of air either entering or leaving the lung each minute; air inhaled must be equal to air exhaled each minute. Calcute by RR*VT

64
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere

A

159 mm Hg

65
Q

Physilogical dead space

A

Sum of anitomical dead space and alveolar dead space

66
Q

What is ventilation

A

Process of moving gas in and out of the lungs

67
Q

What lung volume is measured in the body box?

A

Residual volume

68
Q

Identify a fixed upper airway obstruction

A

Produces curve that appears box shaped. Both inspiratory and expiratory flows are decreased and limited by the solid obstruction

69
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation momentarily removes less CO2 than the body produces, alveolar and blood PCO2 increases

70
Q

What is respiration

A

Process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in lungs and the blood

71
Q

What is Transthoracic pressure(PW)

A

Difference between Intrapulmonary pressure (PPL) and body surface pressure(PBS). Pressure difference across thoracic wall. Equal to outward recoil force of thorax when there is no airflow

72
Q

Identify a variable extrathoracic upper airway obstruction

A

Limits expiratory flow, and the FEF50%/ FIF50% ratio is less than 1.0. Produces a flow loop with a large inspiratory and a low expiratory.

73
Q

What is Laplaces Law

A 
If collapsing force of surface tension is opposed by an equal counterpressure, alveolus remains distended.
Distending pressure(P)= 2* surface tension(t)/ Alveolar radius (R)
74
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Above normal depth of breathing

75
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant and where is it made.

A

Special surface-tension altering substance that lines the alveoli. It is secreted by alveolar type 2 cells

76
Q

Normal value for total compliance

A

0.1 L/ cm H2O

77
Q

Functions of the upper airway

A

Warms, humidifies, and filters. Consist of nose, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

78
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Bahind nasal cavity down to the soft palate

79
Q

What changes can be seen with restrictive lung diseases

A
  • Decreased FVC
  • Decreased FEV1
  • Normal or increased FEV1/FVC ratio
80
Q

How does a patient breathe with restrictive lung disease?

A

Rapid and shallow

81
Q

What is airway resistance

A

Produced by frictional resistance to gas flow

82
Q

What is the narrowest part of airway in an Infant

A

Cricoid carilage

83
Q

Ideal body weight

A 
Female= 105+(5* #in above 5ft)
Male= 106+(6* #in above 5ft)
84
Q

What is the conducting airways

A

???Trachea to just before the alveolar level

85
Q

Name the functions of surfactant in the lungs

A
  1. Decreases surface tension in alveoli

2. Prevents alveolar collapse

86
Q

What is the typical substances that will cause airway constriction

A

Histamines, dust, smoke, chemicals

87
Q

Name the major muscle of inspiration

A

Diaphragm and External intercostals

88
Q

What is the rule of thumb for estimating anatomical deadspace?

A

1ml for every pound of ideal body weight

89
Q

What are the correct units for airway resistance?

A

cm H2O/L/sec

90
Q

Hypopnea

A

Below normal depth of breathing

91
Q

Surfactant vs. Water

A

Surfactant has a lower surface tension than water

92
Q

What chanves can be expected to be seen with obstructive lung diseases-emphysema

A
  • Decreased FVC
  • Normal FEV1
  • Normal or increased FEV1/FVC ratio
93
Q

What muscles contract during inspiration

A

Ventilatory muscles

94
Q

Bradypnea

A

Below normal rate of breathing

95
Q

What is pressure (mm Hg) of water vapor at normal body temp?

A

47mm Hg

96
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Below base of tongue and above larynx

97
Q

Name major Unpaired cartilages of larynx

A

Epiglottic cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage

98
Q

Divisions of the pharynx

A

Behind nasal oral cavity: extends down the larynx

99
Q

How does a patient with an obstructive lung disease breathe?

A

Slow and deep

100
Q

What are the Pores of Kohn and Canals of Lambert

A

Collateral air passages that make it possibel for the acinus supplied by mucus plugged bronchiole to receive ventilation from neighboring airways and alveoli.

101
Q

How is anitomical deadspace measured

A

Fowler technique, patient first exhales maxiamally to residual volume (RV) then takes maximal inhalation of 100% O2 to total lung capacity, then exhales to RV again.

102
Q

What is Transpulmonary pressure (PL)

A

Difference between alveolar (PA) and intrapleural pressure (PPL). Distending pressure across alveolar walls. Equal to elastic recoil force of lungs when there is no airflow.

103
Q

Used during forceful expiration

A

Internal intercostals

104
Q

What are the functions of Pores of Kohn and Canals of Lambert

A

Canals of Lambert– Connects terminal bronchioles and nearby alveoli
Pores of Kohn–Connect adjacent alveoli together

105
Q

What is alveolar dead space

A

Volume contained in nonperfused alveoli (with no blood flow)

106
Q

Identify a variable intrathoracity upper airway obstruction

A

Limits inspiratory flow and the Fef50%/FIF50% ratio is greater than 1.0. Produces a flow loop with a high expiratory and a low inspiratory.

107
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?

A

149 mm Hg

108
Q

What is the normal value of an average alveolus of lungs

A

Alveolar PCO2–40mm HG

Alveolar PO2–100 mm HG

109
Q

What are the structures of the nose that increase surface area?

A

Concha also known as turbinates

110
Q

What is the narrowest part of airway in ADULT

A

Glottis

111
Q

Name the major Paired cartilages of larynx

A

Arytenoid
Coniculate
Cuneiform

112
Q

What happens to a chest wall/ lung pleura and barometric pressure when a hole is present in the chest wall

A

The subatmospheric pressure within the cavity draws air in from atomosphere because of pressure gradient leads to pneumothorax

113
Q

What does the phrenic nerve do?

A

Supplies motor innervation to hemidiaphragms. Originates from right and left cervical nerve plexuses as branches of cervial spinal nerves C3 to C5

114
Q

Explain how the chest wall increases in 3 dimensions

A

Anterior-Posterior, transverse, and vertical dimensions all increase simultaneously

115
Q

Normal value of airway resistance in normal adults

A

0.5-1.5 cm H2O/L/sec. This is measured at the FRC level at constant flow rate of 0.5L/sec

116
Q

Describe the respiratory mucosa epithelium

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium interspersed with goblet cells.

117
Q

What is Transrespiratory Pressure

A

Sum of transpulmonary(PL) and transthoracic pressure (PW). Inward and outward recoil forces of the lungs and thorax are in equillibrium with each other. Is 0mm Hg under resting conditions

118
Q

Oropharynx

A

Behind oral cavity from soft palate to the base of the tongue

119
Q

How to calculate dead space tidal volume

A

(VD/VT) Ratio= PaCO2????

120
Q

Function of the diaphragm

A

Major muscle of ventilation, divides thoracic and abdominal cavities.

121
Q

Poiseuilles Law

A

????

122
Q

Correct physiological symbol for Pressure, Volume, Flow, Blood flow, and Per time

A

???

123
Q

Normal value for lung compliance

A

0.2L/ cm H2O

124
Q

Name 2 characteristics of surfactant composition

A
  1. Complex substance composed of 90% phospholipid and 10% protein
  2. Diplamitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) compromises 50% of surfactants phospholipid content and is primarily responsible for surfactants surface tension lowering properties
125
Q

How to calculate physiologic dead space

A

Physiologic DeadSpace (VD)=Alveolar deadspace(VDA) + Sum of anatomical dead space (VDanat)

126
Q

What is anitomical dead space?

A

Conducting airways from mouth to nose down to and including terminal bronchioles; no gas exchange occurs here

127
Q

Tachypnea

A

Above normal rate of breathing

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