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From Flashcardlet > 322-EXAM I > Flashcards

322-EXAM I Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles contract during inspiration?

A

Ventilatory muscles

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2
Q

Name the major muscles of inspiration

A

Diaphragm and External intercostal muscles

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3
Q

Muscles used during forceful expiration

A

Internal intercostal muscles

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4
Q

Pharynx

A

Behind nasal-oral cavity—extends down to larynx

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5
Q

Divisions of larynx

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx

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6
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Behind nasal cavity down to soft palate

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7
Q

Oropharynx

A

Behind oral cavity from soft palate to base of tongue

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8
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Below base of tongue and above larynx

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9
Q

Functions of the upper airway

A

Warms, humidifies, and filters

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10
Q

Describe the respiratory mucosa epithelium

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium interspersed with goblet cells

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11
Q

Describe the conducting airways

A
  • Tubes that connect atmospheric air with gas exchange membrane in lungs
  • No gas exchange occurs in these airways
  • Merely pathways through which air moves
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12
Q

Name the parts of the upper airway

A

Nose, oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box)

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13
Q

Functions of the nose

A

Air conditioning and filtering device

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14
Q

Conducting airways

A

Right/left main stem bronchi–>lobar bronchi–>segmental bronchi–>sub-segmental bronchi

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15
Q

Function of the diaphragm

A

Major muscle of ventilation, divides thoracic and abdominal cavities

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16
Q

What are the phrenic nerves and where do they originate?

A
  • Supply motor innervation to hemidiaphragms

- Originate from right and left cervical nerve plexuses as branches of cervical spinal nerves C3 to C5

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17
Q

Structures in nose that increase surface area

A

Concha (turbinates)

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18
Q

Name major UNPAIRED cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Epiglottic cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
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19
Q

Name major PAIRED cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Arytenoid cartliage
  • Corniculate cartilage
  • Cuneiform cartilage
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20
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure (PL)

A
  • Difference between alveolar pressure (PA) and intrapleural pressure (PPL)
  • Distending pressure across alveolar walls
  • Equal to elastic recoil force of the lungs when there is no airflow
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21
Q

Transthoracic Pressure (PW)

A
  • Difference between intrapulmonary pressure (PPL) and body surface pressure (PBS)
  • Pressure difference across thoracic wall
  • Equal to outward recoil force of thorax when there is no airflow
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22
Q

Transrespiratory Pressure

A
  • Sum of transpulmonary pressure (PL) and transthoracic pressure (PW)
  • Inward and outward recoil forces of the lungs and thorax are in equilibrium with each other
  • Is 0 mmHg under resting conditions
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23
Q

Normal value for lung compliance in adult

A

0.2 L/cm H2O

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24
Q

Normal value for chest wall compliance in adult

A

0.2 L/cm H2O

25
Q

Normal value for total compliance in adult

A

0.1 L/cm H2O

26
Q

Pulmonary Surfactant

A

Special surface-tension altering substance that lines the alveoli

27
Q

Where is pulmonary surfactant made?

A

It is secreted by alveolar type II cells

28
Q

Airway Resistance

A

Produced by frictional resistance to gas flow

29
Q

Correct units for Airway Resistance

A

cm H2O/L/sec

30
Q

Normal value of airway resistance in adult

A

0.5-1.5 cm H2O/L/sec

31
Q

Explain how the chest wall increases in 3-dimensions

A

Combined rib and diaphragm movements during inspiration cause a 3-dimensional increase in thoracic volume: anterior-posterior, transverse, and vertical dimensions all increase simultaneously

32
Q

Name the two functions of surfactant in the lungs

A
  1. Decreases surface tension

2. Prevents alveolar collapse

33
Q

Name two characteristics of surfactant composition.

A
  1. Complex substance composed of 90% phospholipid and 10% protein
  2. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) comprises 50% of surfactant’s phospholipid content and is primarily responsible for surfactant’s surface-tension lowering properties
34
Q

Minute ventilation

A

volume of air either entering or leaving the lung each minute; air inhaled must be equal to the air exhaled each minute

35
Q

Anatomical Dead Space

A

Conducting airways from mouth to nose down to and including terminal bronchioles; no gas exchange occurs here

36
Q

Alveolar Dead Space

A

Volume contained in nonperfused alveoli (with no blood flow)

37
Q

Respiration

A

Process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in lungs and the blood

38
Q

Describe LaPlace’s Law

A
  • If collapsing force of surface tension is opposed by an equal counterpressure, alveolus remains distended
  • Distending pressure (P) = 2 X Surface tension (T) / Alveolar radius (R)
39
Q

Physiologic Dead Space

A

Sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space

40
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation momentarily removes more CO2 per minute than is metabolically produced, alveolar and blood PCO2 decrease

41
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation momentarily removes less CO2 than the body produces, alveolar and blood PCO2 increases

42
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Above normal depth of breathing

43
Q

Hypopnea

A

Below normal depth of breathing

44
Q

Tachypnea

A

Above normal rate of breathing

45
Q

Bradypnea

A

Below normal rate of breathing

46
Q

Normal value of Alveolar PCO2

A

40 mmHg

47
Q

Normal value of Alveolar PO2

A

100 mmHg

48
Q

How does a patient with restrictive lung disease breathe?

A

Rapid and shallow

49
Q

How does a patient with obstructive lung disease breathe?

A

Slow and deep

50
Q

What lung volume is being measured in Body Box?

A

Residual Volume

51
Q

Rule of thumb for estimating Anatomical Dead Space (Bedside method)

A

1 mL for every pound of ideal body weight

52
Q

What is the pressure (in mmHg) of water vapor at normal body temperature?

A

47 mmHg

53
Q

Narrowest part of airway in ADULT

A

Glottis

54
Q

Narrowest part of airway in INFANT

A

Cricoid cartilage

55
Q

Ventilation

A

Process of moving gas in and out of lungs

56
Q

What happens to chest wall/lung pleura and barometric pressure when a hole is present in chest wall?

A

a. The sub-atmospheric pressure within the cavity draws air in from atmosphere because of pressure gradient—leads to pneumothorax

57
Q

How is anatomical dead space measured?

A

Fowler technique, patient first exhales maximally to residual volume (RV), then takes maximal inhalation of 100% O2 to total lung capacity, then exhales to RV again

58
Q

Volume changes in Obstructive lung diseases.

A

FVC–Decreased
FEV1-Normal
FEV1/FVC-Decreased

59
Q

Volume changes in Restrictive lung disease.

A

FVC-Decreased
FEV1-Decreased
FEV1/FVC-Normal or increase

From Flashcardlet (17 decks)

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