3.3.3 Digestion and Absorbtion Flashcards
define digestion.
the hydrolysis of large, insoluble molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed across cell membranes
which enzymes are involved in carbohydrate digestion? where are they found?
- amylase in mouth
- maltase, sucrase, lactase, in membrane of small intestine
what are the substrates and products of the carbohydrate digestive enzymes?
- amylase –> starch into smaller polysaccharides
- maltase –> maltose into 2 x glucose
- sucrase –> sucrose into glucose and fructose
lactase –> lactose into glucose and galactose
where are lipids digested?
the small intestine
what needs to happen before lipids can be digested?
they must be emulsified by bile salts produced by the liver. This breaks down large fat molecules into smaller, soluble molecules called micelles, increasing surface area
how are lipids digested?
lipase hydrolyses the ester bond between the monoglycerides and fatty acids
which enzymes are involved in protein digestion? what are their roles?
- endopeptidases = break between specific amino acids in the middle of a polypeptide.
- exopeptidases = break between specific amino acids at the end of a polypeptide.
- dipeptidases = break dipeptides into amino acids.
how are certain molecules absorbed into the ileum despite a negative concentration gradient?
through co-transport
which molecules require co-transport during digestion?
amino acids and monosaccharides
explain how sodium ions are involved in co-transport during digestion and absorption.
sodium ions (Na+) are actively transported out of the cell into the lumen, creating a diffusion gradient. Nutrients are then taken up into the cells along with Na+ ions.
why do fatty acids and monoglycerides not require co-transport?
the molecules are nonpolar, meaning they can easily diffuse across the membrane of the epithelial cells
