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POM 3 G: IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION > 3.4 Lymphocytes > Flashcards

3.4 Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Which blood cells are involved in innate immunity

A

Macrophages (eat)

Neutrophils (kill)

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2
Q

Which blood cells are involved in adaptive immunity

A

T cells (orchestrate immune response and kills infected cells)

B cells (make antibodies)

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3
Q

Limitation of immunity

A

Autoimmunity

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4
Q

Absence of immunity results in

A

Inability to clear infections (SCID babies)

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5
Q

Immunological memory

A

Following recognition and response to an antigen it exhibit is memory

More rapid and heightened immune response upon reexposure to eliminate pathogens fast and prevent disease

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6
Q

T cells roles

A

Produce cytokines to help shape immune response (cd4)

Kill infected cells (cd8)

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7
Q

Cell mediated response

A

T cells

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8
Q

Humoral response

A

B cells

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9
Q

B cells role

A

Produce antibodies

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10
Q

How do t and b cells recognise pathogens

A

TCR and bcr

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11
Q

How does the adaptive immune system see pathogens

A

Antigens on their surface

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12
Q

Antigens

A

Molecules thwt induce an adaptive immune response

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13
Q

Epitope

A

Region of an antigen which the receptor binds to

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14
Q

What do antibodies recognise

A

Structural Epitopes

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15
Q

What do T cells recognise

A

Linear epitopes

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16
Q

Clinal expansion

A

Interaction between a foreign molecule and a receptor causes activation and clonal expansion of the same cell

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17
Q

Problem of antigen diversity

A

Need a very large pool of cells with specific receptors to recognise all antigens - epertoire

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18
Q

How is antigen receptor diversity generated

A

Recombination - immunoglobulin gene rearrangement

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19
Q

Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement

A

Each receptor is encoded by seepage multi gene families on different chromosome

During maturation these gene segments are rearranged and brought together

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20
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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21
Q

Major histocompatibility complex

A

Has a central role in defining self and non self

Presents antigens to T cells

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22
Q

MHC1

A

All uncleared cells

Single variable alpha chain and a common beta macroglobulin

Cd8

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23
Q

MHC2

A

Only on professional antigen presenting cells

1alpha 1 beta chain

Cd4

24
Q

What encodes MHC

A

HLA genes

25
Q

Intracellular pathogen processed in

A

Cytosol

26
Q

Intracellular pathogen is presented on

A

MHC 1

27
Q

Intracellular pathogen is presented to

A

Cd8 cells

28
Q

Extracellular pathogen processed in

A

Endosomes

29
Q

Extracellular pathogen presented on

A

MHC2

30
Q

Extracellular pathogens presented to

A

Cd4 cells

31
Q

Two types of T cell

A

Cd4 helper

Cd8 killer

32
Q

What defines type of T cell

A

Cd4 molecules on surface bind mhc2

Cd8 molecules on surface bind mhc1

33
Q

Cd4 produce

A

Cytokines (inflammatory mediators)

34
Q

How do cd8 or CTL (cytotoxic T cells) kill targets

A

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Stored perform, hransymes and granulysin which are released after recognition and polymerise, form pores

35
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death by fragmentation of nuclear dnb

36
Q

Steps of cell death by cd8

A

Virus infects cell and releases its contents causing cell to make viral proteins

Displays these as non self MHC

Cd8 cells detect those and attack by killing virally infected cell

37
Q

3 core roles of antibodies

A

Neutralisation

Opsonisation

Complement activation

38
Q

IgG function

A

Highest opsonisation and neutralisation activities

4 subclass (1-4)

39
Q

IgG looks

A

Y

40
Q

IgM functiom

A

Produced first upon antigen invasion

41
Q

IgM

A

Pentamer

42
Q

IgA function

A

Expressed in mucosal tissues, forms dimers after secretion

43
Q

IgA

A

Y then forms dimer

Or 3 and forms dimer

44
Q

IgD function

A

Unkown

45
Q

IgD looks

A

Y

46
Q

IgE functiom

A

Involved in allergy

47
Q

IgE looks

A

Y

48
Q

B cells

A

Secrete antibodies

Memory cells to prevent repeat infection

49
Q

Where is the specificity of a b cell

A

BCR

50
Q

What do naive b cells require for activation

A

Accessory signal from a t helper cell

51
Q

How is antibody production by b cells achieved

A

T helper cell (thymus dependent)

Microbial constituents (thymus independent)

52
Q

Which Ig classes are involved with t helper cell antibody prod

A

All of them

Memory

53
Q

Which Ig are involved in microbial constituents antibody production

A

Only IgM

No memory

54
Q

Which antibody production pathway has memory

A

T helper cell (thymus dependent)

55
Q

Thymus independent antigens how do they work

A

Directly activate b cells without T cells

Second signal required provided by a microbial pamp

56
Q

B cell activation by T cells

A

Bcr recognises antigen

Receptor bound antigen is internalised and degraded to peptides

MHC2 express peptides to cell surface

Recognised by cd4 cells

Activates b cell

POM 3 G: IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION (10 decks)

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