3.4 Unit Chapters Flashcards
3.4.1. Explain how attitudes to the roles of men and women have changed in the United Kingdom.
- Women: always had right for property, husbands had right to use their property
- Accepted women should stay @ home to look after kids (1850=50% married women in unemployment, 1900=15%)
- Married Women’s Property Act 1882: keep property separate from husbands
- Local Government Act 1892: women could stand as councillors
- Representation of People Act 1918: women >30 vote in parliamentary elections (men>21)
- Electoral Reform Act 1928: women equal voting rights to men
- Equal Pay Act 1970: same pay despite sex
- Sex Discrimination Act 1975: illegal to discriminate by gender or whether married; women could take employers to court
- 1989: 32% men ‘men earn, women stay @ home’, 2008, 17%
3.4.1. Explain why the attitudes towards the roles of men and women have changed in the United Kingdom.
- In WW1 + WW2, women did jobs usually done by men; proved they could do them just as well
- Equal rights developed in other countries (NZ was 1st) showing it’s needed
- Woman councillors + women’s crucial contribution to health + safety developments = success; showed equal in these areas
- Social + industrial developments, 50s-60s: more women needed work/married worker for 2nd income
- UN Declaration of Human Rights + Feminist Movement development put forwards case for = rights; couldn’t be contradicted
- Labour Governments, 1964-70 & 74-79: dedicated to = rights campaign + passed Equal Pay Act + Sex Discrimination Act
3.4.2. Explain the Catholic attitudes to equal rights for women in religion.
-=roles in life + society; can teach + study in theological colleges
-Can be extraordinary ministers of HC (give out consecrated bread + wine); >50% lectors + extra. ministers in Britain Cath. Church female
-Only men be ordained Priests as representing Jesus, based on:
•Genesis 1:27: God created men + women at same time + both in image of God so = to God
•CCC: men + women = in life + society
•’Justice of the World’, 1971 report: called for women to participate in + share responsibility for life + society of Church (3rd World Synod of Bishops)
•CCC; only men Priests as apostles all men + bishops/priests successors of apostles
•CCC; only men be priests as Jesus male + priest represents Jesus
3.4.2. Explain the traditional attitude of Protestant Christianity to equal rights for women in religion.
-Separate roles in society so not = in religion
-Women: look after kids + run Xian home; men: provide for family
-Men must love wives as themselves but only men be church leaders + teachers
-Because:
•NT: St Paul ‘women should not teach or speak in church’; final word of God
•St Paul: A+E in Genesis: men more rights as A 1st + women led astray by Satan, leading man astray
•Chose only men as apostles although women followers
•Tradition of Church from beginning: only men have leadership rights
3.4.2. Explain the modern attitude of Protestant Christianity to equal rights for women in religion.
-Accept men + women should have = rights as now have women ministers (CofE)
-Based on:
•Creation, Genesis 1: God created male + female @ same time+ of = status as both created in God’s image
•Letters of St Paul: teaches in X neither male nor female so men + women should have = rights
•Gospels: evidence J treated women as =; preached in Court of Women in Jerus. Temple (Matt 21:23-22:14); treated Samaritan women = (John 4); women disciples @ cross (all 4 Gs) unlike 1st male disciple who ran away; women who appeared after resurrection
•Some evidence women priests in early Church; Council of Laudicea banned women priests in 4th cent. [not banned something if didn’t already exist]
3.4.3. Explain the nature of the UK as a multi-ethnic society.
- UK always believed in human freedom (offered asylum e.g. French Protestants in 17th cent)
- 19th cent. UK built worldwide empire; citizens of empire could settle in Britain; slaves set foot on Brit. soil free so black communities built up
- Empire known as Commonwealth as nations gained independence from UK; people came to UK to lessen UK labour shortage; helped in WW2 (British armed forces from Commonwealth>from UK)
- Extension of EU/wars + discriminatory persecutions = large influx of East Europeans; more asylum seekers
- 7.9% ethnic minority; London 29%; SW Eng.
3.4.3. Explain the problems of discrimination and racism.
- Employers: not jobs to certain ethnic/religious groups
- Landlords: refuse accommodation to ethnic/religious groups
- Teachers: not all get results capable of through discrim.; may try to get them excluded, put them in too low ability classes
- Police: stop + search for no reason; difference in action of evidence to certain groups
3.4.3. Explain the effects of discrimination and racism.
- Feel unfairly treated; alienate from society so work against them
- Turn to crime as can’t get well paid jobs
- Extremism as no success in prejudiced British society; lead to terrorist attacks
- Rise of groups e.g. BNP (British National Party) that stir up racial hatred leading to violence/communal welfare
3.4.3. Explain the benefits of living in a multi-ethnic society.
- New people = new ideas; cut off societies make less progress (Amazonian Indians)
- Life more interesting: more food, fashion, music, entertainment
- Less chance of war as get to know/like each other, probably intermarry
- See everyone part of human race; vital for multi-national companies + economic interdependence between nations
3.4.4. Explain how Government action to promote community cohesion in the United Kingdom.
- Financial support of groups working for cc
- Make cc part of national curriculum [Education + Inspections Act 2006: all schools must promote cc; Ofsted report on contributions]
- Funding research into best ways for cc
- Appoint cabinet ministers, judges etc. from ethnic minorities
- Pass Race Relations Act: unlawful to discriminate for colour, race etc.; insult in public that could cause racial hatred; publish things that may cause racial hatred
- Pass Racial + Religious Hatred Act: offence to threaten (words/actions) said to incite people of non/religious beliefs
- Ensure Labour, Lib Dem, Conservative Parties oppose racism; done by encouraging ethnic minorities to be MPs
3.4.4. Explain why community cohesion is important.
- Different groups’d have different ideas what society should be like –> violence/civil unrest
- Oldham, Burnley, Bradford: racially/religiously motivated street rioting [from ignorance of communities exploited by extremists, weak local leadership/policing, different comms living parallel lives; single faith schools may = deeper divisions]
- 07/07/07 bombings –> deaths etc.
- Violence way of life in countries with no cc [Iraq, Kosovo, Kashmir)
- Lack of cc = different comms living different lives = impossible for civilised living
3.4.5. Explain why Catholics should help to promote racial harmony.
- Parable GS: J: love neighbours, incl all races [Jews + Samaritans different races that hated each other: Gospels]
- Scholars: Simon of Cyrene [helped Jesus carry cross] was black African
- J: treated Samaritan women as equal [J4] + healed Roman centurion’s servant [L7]
- St Peter given vision by God [Acts10]; believes meant treat all races = [‘What God has made clean, you have no right to call profane’]
- Galatians: St Paul: all = in X so no divisions in race in humanity
- St Paul: God created all from Adam so all =
- Catholic cardinals/bishops of every race/colour so Church dedicated to fighting racism
- Xians (groups) working for racial harmony; Catholic Association for Racial Justice (CARJ); St Martin de Porres born of mixed race parents
3.4.6. Explain how the Catholic Church in England and Wales helps asylum seekers and immigrant workers.
-Established ORP (Office for Refugee Policy); [monitor info + prepares briefs to help bishops form policy on debates of immig. Represent bishops on immig issues +help Caths be engaged w/ refugee work]
-Cath Bishops’ Conference launched ‘Mission of the Church to Migrants in England + Wales; [put forward range of way for local parish create ‘ministry of welcome’ for immigs. incl.
•leaflets on local healthcare, Cath schools’ admission policies in variety of languages
•provide English language classes
•organise essential equipment collections for migrants to help set up home
-[When lots of immigs] set up legal advice clinics to help immigs w/ legal issues of settling w/ lawyers of approp. languages
-Some do Mass in many languages so immigs maintain faith until learn English
-Westminster Cathedral has annual Migrants Mass
3.4.6. Explain why the Catholic Church helps asylum seekers and migrant workers.
- Bible: God is God of justice so followers should be; taught in OT book of Amos
- Cath Church teaches no one should be oppressed; Xians should seek justice for those oppressed
- Show love of God/neighbour by working for oppressed/justice
- Follow Golden Rule; service to others is way to treat others as you want to be treated
- Through his life, J served others [‘not to be served but to serve others’ Mark 10:45]; follow J’s example
- J’s teaching: GS + S+G
- J was refugee + asylum seeker when holy fam fled to Egypt to avoid Herod’s slaughter of innocents
3.4.7. Explain the benefits of living in a multi-faith society.
- Learn of other religions from friends/neighbours; see what religions have in common
- People of other religions may take religion more seriously (Muslims pray 5 times a day); think how they practice religion
- Understand why religions believe what they do; consider own religion + why believe
- More understanding of others’ religions; all entitle to own religious opinions
- Religious toleration/understanding exists; stop religious conflict [e.g. Protestants + Caths NI; Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims India]
- Think more about religion; come across ideas they’ve not thought of before
