4

Question 1

lungfish, amphibians, and some reptiles have what kind of lungs?

Answer 1

saccular

Question 2

some reptiles and mammals have what kind of lungs?

Answer 2

alveolar

Question 3

birds have what kind of lungs?

Answer 3

parabronchi

Question 4

what are kohn pores?

Answer 4

allows communication between different alveoli

Question 5

what is the geometric rule where if you divide every 90 degrees you will increase your area?

Answer 5

fractal model of air filling tree

Question 6

explain the dividing of everything in the lung

Answer 6

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Question 7

what part leads into the part of the lungs that deal with gas exchange?

Answer 7

terminal bronchioles

Question 8

when air does not make it all the way to the gas exchanging part of the lung what is it called?

Answer 8

dead space

Question 9

number of branching before gas exchange part of lung, and than in it

Answer 9

1E^4. 3-6E^8

Question 10

explain air flow in lungs (mass flow and diffusion)

Answer 10

goes by mass flow until it reaches gas exchanging part of lung where it uses diffusion

Question 11

explain emphysema

Answer 11

cigarette smoking causes macrophages, proteolytic enzymes, destory elastic fibers, kills cells, destory alevolar walls, less surface area. becomes harder to breath

Question 12

what irritates the cilia found in lungs? the name for it

Answer 12

chronic bronchitis-smoking

Question 13

what is another name for emphysema?

Answer 13

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 14

capillary blood comes into the lung at what amount og mm HG?

Answer 14

40

Question 15

what are positive pressure breathers?

Answer 15

fish, and amphibians

Question 16

what are negative pressure breathers?

Answer 16

mammals, reptiles, and birds

Question 17

positive pressure build us where?

Answer 17

in the mouth

Question 18

negative pressure created where?

Answer 18

in the thoracic cavity because the diaphrgam moves down

Question 19

exhalation is largely (active/passive) except for when?

Answer 19

passive. excercise

Question 20

what is vital capacity?

Answer 20

the amount of air you take in and let go when you take in and release as much as possible

Question 21

equation for expired ventilation or total ventilation?

Answer 21

V dot E = f x Vt

Question 22

what is f?

Answer 22

breathing rate

Question 23

what is Vt

Answer 23

tidal volume ml or l/breath

Question 24

what is alveaolar ventilation equation?

Answer 24

f x (Vt-Vd) or VdotE - Vd

Question 25

what is alevolar ventilation for humans?

Answer 25

5l/min

Question 26

for a swedish man on a bike, what two things increase?

Answer 26

his tidal volume and his alveolar volume

Question 27

equation of R in relation to radius

Answer 27

K x L/r^4

Question 28

does turbulance happen when there is more or less ressitance present?

Answer 28

more

Question 29

laminar happens when there is more or less ressitance?

Answer 29

less

Question 30

what active process matched V dot and Q dot?

Answer 30

hypoxic vasoconstriction

Question 31

does hypoxic vasoconstriction depend on nervous system?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

what does high altitude cause?

Answer 32

pulmonary vasocontriction, right ventrical hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, perfusion ar hgiher blood pressures in pulmonary artery

Question 33

is the lung harder or easier to swell up in salt?

Answer 33

easy

Question 34

what opposes inflation

Answer 34

concluded surface tension

Question 35

what is hysteresis?

Answer 35

surface tension force smaller on delfation and inflation…. forces more on inflation

Question 36

what has greater surface tension, inflation or deflation?

Answer 36

inflation

Question 37

what is the equation for compiance?

Answer 37

change of volume for change in pressure

Question 38

law of laplace?

Answer 38

P= 2T/r

Question 39

P units

Answer 39

N/m^2

Question 40

T units (tension)

Answer 40

N/M

Question 41

IF THERE ARE TWO SIDES WHAT IS THELAPLACE?

Answer 41

P=4T/r

Question 42

does a smaller or larger bubble have more tension and curveture and pressure

Answer 42

smaller

Question 43

what is asterlectasis?

Answer 43

when smaller alveolar collapses into the other

Question 44

pulmonary surfactant covers what

Answer 44

alveolar surfaces

Question 45

surfactant is made of what?

Answer 45

phospholipids, cholesterol and protein

Question 46

surfactant does what

Answer 46

reduces surface tension of smaller aleolous and make it equal to surface tension of larger

Question 47

what would be used when talking about alevoli (equation?

Answer 47

P=2T/r

Question 48

explain infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 48

baby does not produce surfactants so alveaoli collapse. can be lethal. spray synthetic surfactant

Question 49

what makes the surfactant?

Answer 49

TYpe two cell

Question 50

two other types of jobs for the surfactant?

Answer 50

anti-glue and fluid balance in lung

Question 51

what does anti-glue characteristic of surfactant do?

Answer 51

prevents adhesion of epithelial surfaces

Question 52

inspiration of lizards cause what?

Answer 52

tissue pulled tight

Question 53

expiration in lizards causes what ?

Answer 53

tissue is compressed

Question 54

what makes inflation easier and prevents over inflation at high lung volumes?

Answer 54

surfactant

Question 55

does surfactant aid in adhesiveness?

Answer 55

no anti-adhesive

Question 56

what aids immunity of the lung?

Answer 56

surfactant