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Research methods > 4-Finding evidence > Flashcards

4-Finding evidence Flashcards

1
Q

What is evidence-based practice?

A
  • Asking questions
  • Systematically finding research evidence
  • Assessing the validity, applicability and importance of that evidence
  • States the source of evidence underpinning recommendations
  • Integrates knowledge of other disciplines
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2
Q

Importance of Evidence-Based Practice

A
  • Used to make decisions in all areas of practice

* Work towards improving health outcomes in individuals, communities and populations

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3
Q

Process of Evidence-Based Practice

A
  • Assess the situation
  • Ask the Question
  • Access the literature
  • Appraise evidence
  • Apply evaluated evidence into practice
  • Reflect, re-evaluate, and improve

It’s a cycle

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4
Q

What is tenacity

A

believe in something since it is what we have always believed

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5
Q

What is empiricism

A

knowledge based on observation and experience

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6
Q

Four main types of research

A
  • Exploratory (scoping, generate ideas, test feasibility, casual observations)
  • Descriptive (careful observations and note taking, use scientific method, who/what/where/when of phenomenon, associative research)
  • Explanatory (seeks to explain observations; addresses how/why questions; attempts to connect the dots; causality)
  • Control (1. influence over research variables, settings, methods, etc.; 2. application of knowledge)
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7
Q

steps of scientific method

A

https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method

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8
Q

How does one go from construct A to construct B

A

via proposition a statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion

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9
Q

What are the components of theoretical and empirical planes?

A

Theoretical: constructs
Empirical: independent and dependent variables

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10
Q

How does one go from independent variable to dependent variable

A

via a hypothesis

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11
Q

How does one go from empirical observations to preliminary conclusions? Form theory to preliminary conclusions?

A

Inductive reasoning to go from empirical observations to preliminary conclusions
Deductive reasoning to go from theory to preliminary conclusions?

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12
Q

Does research/science involve assumptions?

A

YES

e.g., events in the natural world demonstrate patterns; these patterns have underlying causes which we can discover

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13
Q

Good questions are…

A

1) ones you feel passionate about

2) Empirical (i.e. you can use observations and measurements to test the question)

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14
Q

Mnemonic to define a reliable research

A
  • Current?
  • Relevant?
  • Accuracy?
  • Authority?
  • Purpose?
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15
Q

Hypothesis vs theory: similarities and differences

A
  • Hypothesis: An educated guess, based on observation, about the causes or outcomes of an event (how variables are related)
  • Theory: summarizes hypothesis (or group of hypotheses) supported with repeated tests; an “accepted hypothesis”; can be disproven
  • Difference: possible vs. certainty; unsubstantiated vs. substantiated; limited data vs. lots; general observation vs. general observation
  • Similar: testable, can be disproven
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16
Q

Strategies to Generate Hypotheses

A

Inductive reasoning and Deductive reasoning

17
Q

Characteristic of inductive reasoning

A
  • Use specific facts to form a general conclusion
  • E.g., gather specific information on your patients symptoms and then form a hypothesis
  • E.g., gather facts from past research studies

Observation/experiment-> generalization-> paradigm/theory (top down)

18
Q

Characteristic of deductive reasoning

A
  • Derive a hypothesis from a theory; use a general principle to reach more specific conclusion
  • E.g., if you have a stomach ulcer, THEN this additional medical test (e.g., barium swallow) should yield the following result (e.g., ulcer visible on X-ray)

paradigm/theory-> predictions-> Observation/experiment bottom up

19
Q

How is general principle and special case connected in terms of deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning

A

general principle-> special case via deductive reasoning

special case-> general principle via inductive reasoning

20
Q

Features of a good hypothesis

A
  • Justifiable and grounded in observations OR theory (inductive or deductive?)
  • Be testable (or, is it possible to gather all evidence to disconfirm it)
  • Predict a relationship between two or more variables
  • Not vague – concepts should be clearly defined and based on sound reasoning
21
Q

Causal vs. Associative

A

Cause-effect relationship studies aka Experimental studies

  • Variables are controlled
  • experiments

Observational studies

  • Cannot control variables
  • Cannot conclude cause-effect relationship, only correlations or associations
22
Q

What is knowledge translation

A

A dynamic and iterative process that includes the synthesis, dissemination, exchange and ethically- sound application of knowledge to improve the health of a population, provide more effective health care services and products, and strengthen the health care system.

23
Q

What is knowledge diffusion

A
  • “Passive” dissemination (though we “push” it out)
  • Potential users need to seek out (“pull”) information

Examples:
• Publishing scientific peer-reviewed articles
• Present findings in academic meetings (talks, posters)

24
Q

dependent vs independent variablesn

A

Independent variable (IV) – manipulated; controlled in experiments; explanatory/predictor variable in non- experimental designs; influences the dependent variable

Dependent variable – influenced (dependent upon) by IV; is measured; outcome variable; Y-axis

25
Q

what is ethics?

A

• Ethics is a system of moral principles and standards

26
Q

name 10 nuremberg principles

A
  1. Voluntary consent is essential
  2. The results of any experiment must be for the greater good of society
  3. Human experiments should be based on previous animal experimentation
  4. Experiments should be conducted by avoiding physical/mental suffering and injury
  5. No experiments should be conducted if it is believed to cause death/disability
  6. The risks should never exceed the benefits
  7. Adequate facilities should be used to protect subjects
  8. Experiments should be conducted only by qualified scientists
  9. Subjects should be able to end their participation at any time
  10. The scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment when injury, disability, or death is likely to occur
27
Q

which 3 pillars came from Belmont Report (USA)

A
  1. Respect for Persons: protect autonomy; treat with courtesy & respect; informed consent; no deception
  2. Beneficence: do not harm; maximize good science and avoid/minimize possible harm to people & society
  3. Justice: reasonable, non-exploitative procedures used fairly; fair and equal distribution of costs/benefits
28
Q

what is the purpose of Research Ethics Board (REB)? Who are the members?

A
  • Ensure protection and promotion of human subjects research in Institutions
  • Ensure that proposed work complies with regulations, guidelines and ethical principles
  • Board is comprised of scientists, ethicist, lawyer, and community member
29
Q

REB Composition (article 6.4)

A

5 members, including men and women of whom:

  • 2+ have have expertise in relevant disciplines, fields, and methods covered by REB
  • 1+ member knowledgable in ethics
  • 1+ member knowledgable in the relevant law
  • 1+ community team member with no affiliation with institution
30
Q

What research is covered (Art 2.1)?

A

1) involving human participants
2) human biological materials as well as embryos, fetuses, fetal tissues, reproductive material, and stem cellls, from living and deceased

31
Q

What research is exempt (Art 2.2-2.6)?

A
  • Publicly available information
  • observing people in public places with no intervention or identification
  • secondary use of anonymous information or biospecimens
  • program evaluation and educational requirements
  • creative works
32
Q

what is the definition of minimal risk?

A

minimal risk- risk that doesn’t surpass the risks experienced on daily bases

33
Q

types of harm to participants

A

• Physical – pain, discomfort, injury
• Psychological – experience negative emotions, self-
esteem, etc.
• Social (loss of privacy) – confidential information
• Economic/Legal – overlaps with confidential

34
Q

what are the characteristics of consent

A
  • Consent should be given voluntarily
  • consent can be withdrawn at any time
  • If a participant withdraws consent, the participant can also request a withdrawal of their data or human biological materials
35
Q

Consent shall be INFORMED (3.2)

A
  • an invitation to participate
  • statement of research purpose in plain language
  • identity of researcher and sponsor
  • expected duration and nature of participation
  • description of procedures
  • explanation of participant responsibilities
  • risks and benefits for participants AND society
  • assurance they are not obligated to participate and can withdraw any time
  • information on potential commercialization
  • dissemination plans (to participant and others)
  • contact information of researcher and ethical officer
  • explanation of what information will be collected and how confidentiality will be protected
    payments and incentives
  • statement that by consenting participants have not waived legal rights to recourse

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