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PSYC 223 > 4: Preschool years > Flashcards

4: Preschool years Flashcards

1
Q

what is obesity in a child

A

when child BMI is 90% greater than average

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2
Q

what is an obesogenic environment

A

environment that contributes to obesity

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3
Q

what is the just right phenomenon

A

pre schoolers having a specific routine and ritual for their food preferences
persistence of picky eating after preschool can signal intellectual problems

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4
Q

what (%) of children are at risk of being obese in canada

A

33%

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5
Q

what is laterization

A

process by which brain functions are divided into 2 hemispheres
- promoted by maturation

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6
Q

what is corpus collosum

A

structure connects 2 hemispheres and allows for communication between them

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7
Q

what are gender differences in lateralization

A

control of language is primary in left hemispheres for boys but evenly divided for girls
- girls grasp language faster

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8
Q

growth of what part of the brain increases ability to store long term memories

A

hippocampus

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9
Q

what is reticular formation

A

associated with concentration and attentions
- improves with myelination

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10
Q

what is the preoperational stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory

A

at 2-7 years
children begin to use symbolic thinking, reasoning, and use of concepts

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11
Q

what are operations

A

organized, formal, logical mental processes

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12
Q

what is semiotic function

A

use of symbols to represent objects or concepts

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13
Q

what is centration

A

focusing on one aspect of a stimulus and ignoring others
(i.e) put dog mask on cat, they will say the animal is a dog

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14
Q

what is conservation

A

knowledge that quantity is unrelated to arrangement of physical appearance of objects
- (fill 2 different sized cups with same quantity of liquid, children will not be able to understand it is the same quantity)

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15
Q

what is transformation

A

the process with which an object in one state can change to another state

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16
Q

what is irreversibility

A

inability to understand that some objects can change and that change can be undone

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17
Q

what is egocentric thought

A

type of thinking that doesnt take into account other perspectives/viewpoints

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18
Q

what is intuitive thought

A

theories made from observational concepts
- ie) it is dark outside because the sun is sleeping

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19
Q

what is short term storage space (STSS)

A

memory held for a short amount of time
(working memory)

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20
Q

what is operational efficiency

A

max number of schemes that can be held in a working memory

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21
Q

what is autobiographical memory

A

memory of particular events or experiences in one’s own life

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22
Q

what are scripts

A

brad representations of events and the sequence of occurrence

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23
Q

what is metamemory

A

people’s self-monitoring and self-control of their own cognitive processes

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24
Q

what is metacognition

A

the knowledge and regulation of one’s own cognitive processes,
i.e.) if you can explain what your strengths are in academic writing

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25
Q

what is zone of proximal development

A

level of which people can complete a task with assistance

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26
Q

what is scaffolding

A

the support for learning and problem solving
encourages independence and growth

27
Q

what is the primitive stage of vygotskys theory

A

mental process similar to lower animals

28
Q

what is naïve psychology stage of vygotskys theory

A

uses language to communicate but doesn’t understand symbols

29
Q

what is the ingrowth stage of vygotskys theory

A

complete understanding of symbols and internalized speech

30
Q

what is categorical self concept

A

sense of self where children focus on appearance and superficial behaviours

31
Q

what is social self concept

A

awareness of oneself in society

32
Q

what is race dissonance

A

phenomenon where minority children indicate preference for majority values or people

33
Q

what is biological perspective of gender identity

A

androgen presence leads to typically male behaviour
females growing in androgen dependant environment tend to follow these behaviours as well

34
Q

what is social learning theory of gender identity

A

child mimics gender appropriate behavior to receive praise
stereotyped through individuals and media

35
Q

what is cognitive perspective of gender identity

A

develop of cognitive framework organized by gender related info.

36
Q

what is gender constancy

A

idea that gender is fixed and unchangeable

37
Q

what is androgynous

A

focus on development of characteristics through both genders without specification of one sex or the other

38
Q

what is functional play

A

at 3 years
repetitive actions that keep children active
ie) throwing ball back and forth with another peer

39
Q

what is constructive play

A

4 years
play that involves creation and imagination

40
Q

what is parallel play

A

children play with same toys but dont interact

41
Q

what is onlooker play

A

watching other children play but do not engage

42
Q

what is associative play

A

children borrowing of toys but engage with different activities

43
Q

what is cooperative play

A

children playing with one another

44
Q

what is false belief principle

A

ability to understand why another person would believe something to be untrue

45
Q

what is baumrinds parenting style of authoritative/recipricol

A

high level of demand and high level of accaptance
ideal

46
Q

what is baumrinds parenting style of authoritarian/power assertive

A

low level of acceptance and high level of command

47
Q

what is baumrinds parenting style of indulgent and permissive

A

low level of demand and high acceptance

48
Q

what is baumrinds parenting style of neglecting and uninvolved

A

low level of acceptance and demand

49
Q

what is resilience

A

ability to overcome circumstances
protective factor to neglect or abuse

50
Q

what is cycle of violence hypothesis

A

the abuse becomes abusive

51
Q

what is heteronomous morality

A

sees rules as fixed and non changeable
(4-7) years

52
Q

what is incipient morality

A

sees rules that apply to everyone including themselves
(7-10)

53
Q

what is autonomous cooperation stage

A

rules can be malleable with collective agreement

54
Q

what is prosocial behaviour

A

helping behaviours that benefit others
learn through imitation and reinforcement

55
Q

what is instrumental aggression

A

motivated to obtain a concrete goal

56
Q

what is relational aggression

A

non physical form of harm that hurts other peoples feelings

57
Q

fast mapping

A

instances where new words are associated with their meaning after a brief encounter

58
Q

what is private speech in infants

A

speech by children that is directed to themselves

59
Q

what is pragmatics

A

language that relates to communicating effectively with others

60
Q

what is psychological maltreatment

A

when parents or caregivers harm childrens behavioural, cognitive,emotional, or physical functioning.
- includes frightening, belittling

61
Q

what part of the brain can be affected due to childhood abuse

A

limbic system
- includes hippocampus and amygdala

62
Q

what is abstract modelling

A

process with which modelling paves way for development of rules or moral principles

63
Q

what is emotional self regulation

A

capability to adjust emotions to a desired state/level of intensity

PSYC 223 (6 decks)

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