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edexcel a level geography > 4 - regenerating places > Flashcards

4 - regenerating places Flashcards

1
Q

ECONOMIC SECTORS - what is a place shaped by?

A
  • the physical nature of the place
  • what its residents do for a living
  • connections : INTERNAL —> people, employment, housing, services & EXTERNAL —> government policies, globalisation
  • changes : LOCALLY eg counter-urbanisation ; NATIONALLY eg government policies & GLOBALLY eg climate change, pandemics
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2
Q

give some examples of how the nature of a place affects the type of work on offer there

A
  • the town of Reading, due to its proximity to London, has a lot of professional people living there
  • the industrial town of Middlesborough, located in North East England, has more manual workers living there
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3
Q

CLASSIFYING ECONOMIC SECTORS - name some of the characteristics of a place the structure of the local economy can affect

A
  • the income of locals
  • the lifestyle of individuals and communities
  • the perception of a place
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4
Q

describe the characteristics of the primary sector

A
  • collection of raw materials (mining) and producing good crops (farming)
  • mainly located in rural areas
  • tends to be low-paid, manual work
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5
Q

describe the characteristics of the secondary sector

A
  • manufacturing of raw materials into a finished product (car manufacturer)
  • more regular income than the more seasonal primary jobs
  • more secondary employment is located in northern cities : Sheffield, Middlesborough
  • these sectors have declined over time
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6
Q

describe the characteristics of the tertiary sector

A
  • providing a service (education, sales)
  • private (retail) or public sector (government department)
  • concentrated in urban areas
  • wages vary from cleaners on minimum wage to highly paid professionals like doctors
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7
Q

describe the characteristics of the quaternary sector

A
  • providing specialist services in finance, law, hi-tech industries and research & development
  • requires a highly educated workforce
  • mainly located in London and the South East
  • the fastest-growing sector in the UK
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8
Q

describe changes in a place’s main economic industrial sector over time as depicted by the Clark-Fisher model

A

—> PRE-INDUSTRIAL : majority of population works in primary sector with only a small percentage of people employed in secondary sector
—> INDUSTRIAL : proportion of employees in primary sector declines due to mechanisation of farming, and as land is taken up by manufacturing, the secondary employment increases
—> POST-INDUSTRIAL : decrease in amount of secondary jobs due to movement of factories overseas and cheaper imports ; this coincides with an increase in employment in the tertiary and quaternary industries due to higher incomes and more demand for holidays, technology etc

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9
Q

what expected trends has the UK followed in the model?

A
  • a decline in the primary and secondary sectors due to deindustrialisation - employing just 1% of the workforce in primary, and 15% in secondary
  • a huge growth in the tertiary and quaternary sector, known as the new economy : employing around 84% of the population
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10
Q

EMPLOYMENT TYPE - how can jobs be classified?

A
  • full-time (35+ hours per week) or part-time (less than 35 hours per week)
  • temporary or permanent
  • employed or self-employed
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11
Q

describe some examples of how a place can be defined by the nature of economic activity & people’s employment

A
  • a less successful place can have a large amount of economically inactive people (retired, unemployed, long-term sickness or disability)
  • a place with low levels of economic growth can have a large population of people on temporary, part-time or zero-hour contracts, who earn little
  • a rural place can have lots of seasonal work (farming, tourism)
  • a place with a higher percentage of self-employed people, who identify gaps in the local market and meet the needs of the area, can have a greater sense of community
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12
Q

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY & SOCIAL FACTORS - how is economic activity of a place analysed?

A
  • analysed using employment data and economic output data eg Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Value Added (GVA)
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13
Q

how can differences in economic activity be measured?

A

—> HEALTH : those with the lowest income have the poorest quality of health
—> LIFE EXPECTANCY : it can be 5 years longer for people in management compared to manual workers
—> LEVELS OF EDUCATION : children from lower-income families are more likely to underachieve at school and have fewer qualifications. this often results in them having lower-income jobs

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14
Q

INEQUALITIES IN PAY & QUALITY OF LIFE - what do quality-of-life indices reflect?

A
  • reflect the inequalities in pay levels across economic sectors
    —> families with a low income rank as having a lower quality of life than richer families
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15
Q

INCOME INEQUALITY - how do differences in type of employment lead to inequalities in pay levels?

A
  • the use of food banks has increased by 50% over the last 4 years, as people on casual contracts struggle with the rising cost of living
  • managers and professionals are more highly paid than manual workers
  • low-level tertiary workers will get lower pay than more skilled workers, who have more qualifications
  • jobs may be seasonal and insecure compared with manufacturing and higher-level service
  • around 3% of the population is on zero-hour contracts, which can increase the chance of going into debt
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16
Q

describe the differences in income and cost of living nationally

A
  • London and the South East are more expensive to live in than the rest of the UK
  • job offers in London often have the ‘London allowance’ to help make up for the higher prices of goods and services
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17
Q

what does quality of life correlate with?

A
  • closely correlates with income levels as many of the things that contribute to quality of life have to be paid for :
    —> GOODS - house, furniture, food, electrical items
    —> SERVICES - transport, leisure, utilities
    —> in 2016, the uSwitch quality of life index ranked Berkshire (Reading) 6th out of the 138 UK regions, with South Teesside (Middlesborough) ranked 129th
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18
Q

CHANGES IN FUNCTION & CHARACTERISTICS - how do characteristics of a place change as it develops?

A
  • accessibility, connections and government policies can change the place’s function
  • it can change between administration, commercial, retail or industry
  • gentrification, age structures and ethnic compositions alter the demographics
19
Q

name the different functions of a location and describe the effects of functions

A
  • different functions of a location affect the employment opportunities, businesses and industries as well as the built environment
    —> THE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS : administrative, commercial, retail and industrial
20
Q

describe the administrative function

A
  • places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas e.g council offices
  • tend to be urban areas that influence the region surrounding them e.g Manchester’s influence in the North West
21
Q

describe the commercial function

A
  • a location with strong business influence. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) may have bases there
  • there is a large volume of small and large-scale businesses e.g legal services, accountants
22
Q

describe the retail function

A
  • an urban area with attractive retail facilities : markets, shopping centres, unique shops
  • the retail industry is the main source of income and employment for locals
23
Q

describe the industrial function

A
  • a location whose economy and reputation is predominantly based on its industrial capacity
    —> EXAMPLE : Sheffield is known as the Steel City for its large industries of steelworks
24
Q

why may a place’s dominant function change over time?

A
  • economy needs change
    —> the increased use of online banking and shopping and click-and-collect (exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic) has led to some places losing their retail function, resulting in economic decline
25
Q

describe examples of places where their dominant economic function has changed

A
  • industrial land in Middlesborough has declined over the last 50 years due to factory closures in the iron and steel industry
  • in Reading, the commercial function has grown and several large TNCs have bases there e.g Microsoft and Intel
26
Q

DEMOGRAPHICS - how may the characteristics of the population in a place change as the function changes?

A
  • new functions will attract different types of people e.g older/younger, more skilled, higher education qualities
  • places that are experiencing economic growth will likely attract more young people and become more ethnically diverse
  • the ethnic composition of a place is likely to change over time with the movement of people from different countries e.g migrants to fill labour shortages
27
Q

how have demographics changed in Reading?

A
  • Reading has experienced economic growth due to its developing commercial function, resulting in younger, more economically active people moving there
  • 30% of its population are aged 26-45
28
Q

how have demographics changed in Middlesborough?

A
  • has experienced economic decline, has a more older and retired population living there
  • 38% of its population is over 46
29
Q

how does the ethnic composition of the two towns differ?

A
  • 65.4% of Reading’s population were white British, compared to 84% in Middlesborough
  • this greater diver suggests that Reading is more economically successful and attracts economic migrants
30
Q

GENTRIFICATION - define the term ‘gentrification’

A
  • a change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location
    —> EXAMPLE : the movement of middle-class people into a rundown inner suburb. this improves the area’s image and houses e.g Salford Quays in Greater Manchester
31
Q

what does gentrification often lead to?

A
  • an increase in property values
  • often results in the displacement of the original, usually poorer residents
    —> EXAMPLE : Portland Road in Notting Hill, was one of London’s most run-down and deprived areas, now houses sell for £2 million
32
Q

REASONS FOR CHANGES IN PLACE : list the factors that cause changes in places

A
  • physical factors
  • accessibility and connectedness
  • historical development
  • role of national/local planning
33
Q

what do physical factors include?

A
  • LOCATION : closeness to large cities and core economic areas
  • ENVIRONMENT: how attractive the place is
34
Q

what do accessibility and connectedness factors include?

A
  • more accessibility to other places with improved transport infrastructure (road, rail, air)
  • connections help competition for investment and visitors
  • easier access means businesses can attract more skilled workers and trade goods in new ways
  • improved connectivity through the extension of the 5G network
35
Q

what do historical development factors include?

A
  • the decline in the primary and secondary sectors
  • changes in consumer trends
    —> retail - from corner shop to supermarkets to shopping malls and online shopping
    —> house type : more demand for single homes
  • more affluence means a greater demand for leisure and tourism activities, so buildings are converted to other uses e.g bars, holiday homes
36
Q

describe what is included in the role of local/national planning

A
  • government policies on restructuring the UK economy after deindustrialisation. This involved promoting growth in tertiary and quaternary sectors
  • government planning regulations can prevent developments, such as in areas classed as ‘green belt’ (land around the edge of cities in the UK that no development can take place on)
  • local authorities have a duty to find suitable land for new housing to reduce the housing shortage in the UK. Estimates suggest that there are an extra 1.2 million homes needed
37
Q

MEASURING CHANGES - how can changes be measured?

A
  • using employment trends, demographic changes, land use changes and levels of deprivation (degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities)
38
Q

what does the Multiple Deprivation Index measure and what does it take into account?

A
  • measures development
  • takes into account the following : income, employment & health deprivation ; crime ; quality of the living environment ; abandoned & derelict land
39
Q

THE INDEX OF MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION (IMD) - what does this index attempt to do?

A
  • it quantifies deprivation for small areas within the UK
40
Q

how does the IMD measure deprivation in small areas?

A
  • it combines information from different categories of deprivation (eg income, employment, education) to produce an overall score of deprivation
    —> allows analysis of whether a place is improving or declining
41
Q

describe how the IMD is calculated

A
  • calculated separately for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
  • to measure deprivation, England is split into approximately 33,000 small areas, with about 650 households in each one
  • it is an average measure as not every person will be deprived in a highly deprived area
42
Q

what does the IMD enable?

A
  • enables the identification and targeting of the most deprived areas for various policies and interventions, nationally and regionally
43
Q

name the categories authorities in England use of deprivation and state their weighting (importance)

A
  • income (large weigh - 22.5%)
  • employment (large weight - 22.5%)
  • education (medium - 13.5%)
  • health (medium - 13.5%)
  • crime (less - 9.3%)
  • barriers to housing and services (less - 9.3%)
  • living environment (less - 9.3%)
44
Q

OTHER MEASURES - list the other measures that can be used to measure economic success in an area

A
  • population growth/decline
  • increases in house prices

edexcel a level geography (4 decks)

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