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LHAP Year 4 > 406 Nursery Grafting + > Flashcards

406 Nursery Grafting + Flashcards

1
Q

When should bud grafting be done

A

Midsummer

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2
Q

What is scion

A

Any piece of the tree you want to propagate, grafted onto root stock.

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3
Q

What is needed for grafting

A

Scion, Grafting wax, grafting tape and knife.

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4
Q

What 6 grafting techniques must be done when the tree is dormant

A

Bench grafting, dormant chip budding, cleft grafting, bridge grafting, bark grafting, and inlay grafting

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5
Q

Which two grafting techniques are used primarily to create new trees

A

Bench grafting & dormant chip budding

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6
Q

Which two grafting techniques are used to repair damage to the tree trunk

A

Bridge & inarch grafting

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7
Q

To do topwork to a new variety or to add multiple varieties to a single tree which 3 grafting techniques are used

A

Cleft, Bark, and Inlay grafting

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8
Q

Which grafting method is most successful for grafting material pencil sized to about 1” in diameter

A

Bench grafting

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9
Q

If scion wood needs to be stored how should it be done

A

Keep it in moist sphagnum moss, sand, or a plastic bag in a cool place.

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10
Q

Can scion wood be stored with apples

A

No, ethylene gas will damage scion wood.

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11
Q

What are 3 reasons why you would do a bridge or inarch graft

A

Rodents, machinery, cold weather have damaged the trunk

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12
Q

What are two types of budding methods

A

Shield (T-budding) and Chip budding

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13
Q

What is the third variation of bud grafting where buds are forced to grow the same season

A

June budding

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14
Q

When is June budding done

A

May or Early June

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15
Q

What are three reasons to preform a Bench graft

A

Improve hardiness, create a dwarf tree, or speed up fruit maturation

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16
Q

Should scion wood be from the previous season

A

Yes

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17
Q

Should scion wood for a bench graft be dormant

A

Yes

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18
Q

When is the best time to bench graft

A

Late march or early April

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19
Q

How many cuts are made to create a whip and tongue

A

2

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20
Q

When is best time to do chip budding

A

In spring before growth starts when the stock and scion are totally dormant

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21
Q

Is the first cut in chip budding made above or below the bud

A

Below

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22
Q

Is the second cut in chip budding made above or below the bud

A

Above

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23
Q

At what angle is the second cut of chip budding made

A

30-45 degrees

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24
Q

What are 2 methods of stratifying seeds for germination

A

Outdoors and Refrigerators

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25
Q

Why is it hard for plants to mature their fruit in our climate

A

Hot day temps and low night temps.

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26
Q

Are apples self fertile

A

No

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27
Q

Where did apples originate

A

Kazakhstan

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28
Q

Where was the Honeycrisp apple developed

A

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

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29
Q

The four criteria for a successful graft are

A

Cambial contact. Avoidance of desiccation. Compatibility. Pressure

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30
Q

Pruning to central leader is good for trees that are going to get

A

Big

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31
Q

Pruning to a open center is good for trees that are going to

A

Fruit bearing. Fruit trees.

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32
Q

Why do plants need to be refrigerated after grafting

A

To prevent Suberization

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33
Q

What is suberization

A

The process of sealing off wounds, cuts and general skin damage.

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34
Q

What is a stooling bed

A

A bed for growing root stock through the technique of mound layering.

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35
Q

What are some varieties of ROSACEAE root stock that come true to seed

A

Siberian crab, Dolgo crabapple

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36
Q

The best media for a nursery is a combination of

A

Porosity and water holding capacity

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37
Q

What is nursery production

A

The growing of plants in controlled environment’s - small plants go in and big plants come up

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38
Q

Why must container media be more porous than field grown crops

A

Because plants are by themselves and more vulnerable to waterlogged oxygen depleted media and will not grow.

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39
Q

What is the spacing for planting container grown plants

A

So the tips just touch. Do not plant pot to pot.

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40
Q

Fertilizing nursery crops is dependent on what 2 factors

A

Crop needs and media

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41
Q

Which plants are best adapted for climate change

A

Natives

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42
Q

Is a good landscape ever finished

A

No

43
Q

SIlvery grey foliage means what

A

It like its hot and dry.

44
Q

Are controlled release fertilizer effective at planting time

A

No

45
Q

How would you correct an issue of overwatering in Potentilla that needs to be shipped

A

A liquid fertilizer, mixed at half strength till signs of recovery are seen, then apply the rest.

46
Q

To correct a soil pH imbalance over a long term what should you add

A

OM - Organic Matter

47
Q

How would you correct overly alkaline soil for a season in potato crop - overly alkaline soil causes scabs

A

Spread Elemental Sulphur early in the season.

48
Q

Why shouldn’t you plant poplars to close spruce in a windrow

A

Because poplars will outcompete Spruce both above and below ground.

49
Q

What does the accronm S.O.D stand for

A

Phytophora ramorum ( Sudden Oak Death )

50
Q

What is the Ramorum protocol

A

Trace back, Trace forward for susceptible species.

51
Q

What family is susceptible to S.O.D

A

Ericaceae

52
Q

What is the lethally low temperature for Phytophora

A

-5C

53
Q

What is the quarantine length for a plants that have just arrived from another location to a nursery

A

28 Days

54
Q

Can crops be frozen in cold storage and what are optimal temperatures for cold storage

A

No. 2-5C

55
Q

When grading bare root plants what are you looking for

A

Root defects, sub-standard stock, poorly harvested stock.

56
Q

When should grading be done

A

At ever opportunity.

57
Q

Why would you grade root stock and trees

A

To ensure quality trees for the consumer and yourself

58
Q

What is the most successful cvs of Maple

A

Autumn Blaze Maple

59
Q

Is growing bare root trees better for maintaining tree root mass than other harvest/growing methods

A

Yes

60
Q

To export to the USA what most a truck have

A

A Bill of Lading

61
Q

Seller, Buyer, Destination, Contact info and Phytosanitary certificate must be present on what for the export of plant material

A

Bill of Lading

62
Q

Is the onus on the buyer or the seller to obtain the phytosanitary certification

A

Seller

63
Q

Another name for Bill of Lading is

A

Packing slip

64
Q

Is arborist mulch going to be a hetro or homogeneous mix

A

Heterogeneous

65
Q

What are the benefits of lateral root pruning

A

It produces more root mass and removes kinked or deformed roots

66
Q

Why is it a bad idea to buy sod after 1 season no matter how good it was

A

There’s not enough carbohydrates present to make it a good crop

67
Q

What are the CLNA specifications for sod quality

A

The least amount of weeds per sq foot

68
Q

What is the advantage of being clean plant certified

A

You can sell to municpilaties & marketing

69
Q

What are some coated fertilizers used for nursery stock

A

Osmocote, Sulphur Coat,

70
Q

Is collecting seed a good way to propagate plants

A

Yes for plants that come true to seed

71
Q

Why is fertilization important for container nurseries over field nurseries

A

Container grown crops are isolated from the soil that contains the nutrients they need for growth and will stall in growth without fertilization.

72
Q

What does FOB stand for

A

Free On Board

73
Q

What does FOB mean in terms of price

A

You have to come and get it for the FOB price

74
Q

Why is IPM important

A

To prevent the spread of disease and pest between nurseries and from nurseries onto the public.

75
Q

What irrigation method is best for nursery stock

A

Drip irrigation

76
Q

Why is peat moss and fibrous materials good for nursery stock

A

Maintains moisture well but is light and porous

77
Q

What are mulches used for in nurseries

A

Storage and weed control

78
Q

Will woody mulches acidify soils

A

No. There is no evidence for this.

79
Q

Woody mulches such as cedar and larch contain allelopathic chemicals that leach into soil and kill other plants.

A

Yes. But these chemicals have been shown to have no effect on living plants.

80
Q

Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) contains allelopathic chemicals in its woody material

A

Yes

81
Q

Mulch made from chipping diseased trees can infect healthy trees

A

No. Most studies indicate disease cannot transmit pathogens.

82
Q

Wood chips are a fire hazard particularly when they are used around landscape structures.

A

Yes but No. Course textured mulches like wood chips are the least flammable of organic mulches

83
Q

Wood mulches will tie up nitrogen and cause deficiencies in plants.

A

No. Mulches increase nutrient levels in the soils.

84
Q

Woody mulches attract termites, carpenter ants and other pests

A

No. Most woody mulches are not attractive. Termites are attracted to higher nutrient woody material like cardboard.

85
Q

Improved structure, enhanced gas transfer, enhanced water infiltration and retention, prevent erosion and compaction, moderate temperature are all soil benefits from adding

A

Mulch

86
Q

If adding 8 liters of water to a 20 liter container completely saturates the media, what is the total aeration porosity of the media in the container?

A

40%

87
Q

The process whereby seedlings can be grafted onto a bark-injured tree or one with a weak root system to preserve its vitality is called?

A

Inarch grafting

88
Q

Name three genera of woody plants that generally seed in spring time.

A

Populus, Ulmus, Salix

89
Q

When is the best time to transplant for field or container production?

A

Spring

90
Q

3 Advantages to container growing are:

A

More plants per meter squared, grow on top of any type of field soil, generally quicker to realize profits.

91
Q

“Sweating” out the material before moving it into the field and ensuring proper hydration during and after transplanting is a strategy for accomplishing what

A

Bare root material survival

92
Q

Only dissolve when temperature is high enough to promote plant growth and are inert at lower temperatures. This describes what

A

Coated fertilizers

93
Q

Round containers tend to produce plants with girdling roots when left too long in the pot, plants need to be shifted frequently to bigger sizes, plants need more water and fertilizer when they are growing. These are three disadvantages of growing what in what

A

Woody plants in Containers

94
Q

Three types of slow release fertilizer for container crops are:

A

Sulphur coated, polymer coated and organic

95
Q

What are two methods of harvesting field crops in a nursery?

A

Treespade and a cutter, lifter shaker.

96
Q

Plant material, once loaded, becomes the responsibility of the buyer. This describes

A

F.O.B - Free On Board

97
Q

When selecting scion wood to graft onto a rootstock, it is very important that

A

The rootstock stem and the scion stem have good cambium (phloem) contact.

98
Q

Before you can get a water license in Alberta, “proof of irrigability” must be determined. Who has the authority to complete such a report?

A

A professional agrologist, authorized by the province to complete irrigability reports.

99
Q

Three simpler ways to monitor media fertility in a container crop of trees or shrubs are?

A

Monitoring growth, leaf colour and root development.

100
Q

Name four plants that it is possible to gather seed from in the middle of winter:

A

Viburnum lantana, Crataegus, Malus, Acer ginnala

101
Q

Why would the presence of predator insects in certain trees indicate the need for further monitoring?

A

Predator insects feed on plant damaging insects

102
Q

Prior to shipping nursery stock, what are two things that should be done

A

Ensure the stock is true to name and the correct size

103
Q

What is the approximate rootball diameter to trunk caliper ratio for machine dug wirebasket, root pruned, deciduous trees?

A

12:1

LHAP Year 4 (10 decks)

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