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biology > 4.1.1: communicable diseases > Flashcards

4.1.1: communicable diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what are communicable diseases?

A

caused by pathogens that cause harm to the body and lead a person to feel ill

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2
Q

what are the 4 pathogens?

A

bacteria, virus, fungi and protist

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3
Q

which pathogens are eukaryotes?

A

protists and fungi

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4
Q

which pathogens are prokaryotes?

A

bacteria

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5
Q

what is the structure of a virus?

A

non-living infectious agent with some genetic material surrounded by protein

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6
Q

how do viruses damage host tissues directly?

A
  • take over the cell metabolism
  • viral genetic material gets into the host dna
  • uses host cell to reproduce until the original cell bursts and spreads the viruses to infect other cells
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7
Q

how do protists damage host tissues?

A
  • take over cells and break them open as the new generation emerge
  • digest and use the cell contents as they reproduce
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8
Q

how do fungi damage the host tissues?

A
  • digest living cells and destroy them
  • this gives the symptoms of disease
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9
Q

how do bacteria cause disease in the body?

A
  • produce toxins that poison/damage cells
  • break down cell membranes
  • damage/inactivate enzymes
  • interfere with the with the host cell genetic material
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10
Q

what are 2 diseases caused by bacteria?

A

tuberculosis and ring rot

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11
Q

what does ring rot do to potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines?

A
  • damages leaves, tubers and fruit
  • destroys up to 80% of the crop
  • no cure
  • the field cannot be used to grow potatoes again for at least 2 years
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12
Q

what does tuberculosis do to humans, cows, pigs, badgers and deer?

A
  • damages and destroys lung tissue
  • suppresses the immune system
  • people affected by aids/hiv are more likely to get tuberculosis
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13
Q

what are 3 diseases caused by viruses?

A

hiv/aids, influenza and tobacco mosaic virus

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14
Q

what does hiv/aids do to humans?

A
  • destroys the immune system by targeting the t helper cells
  • person is more susceptible to other infections
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15
Q

what does influenza do to mammals?

A
  • kills the epithelial cells in the gas exchange system
  • many deaths are from severe secondary bacterial infections
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16
Q

what does tobacco mosaic virus do to tobacco plants, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, petunias and delphiniums?

A
  • damages leaves, stunting growth due to lack of photosynthesis
  • can lead to total crop loss
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17
Q

what 2 diseases are caused by protist?

A

malaria and tomato blight

18
Q

what does malaria do to humans?

A

make people weak and vulnerable to other infections

19
Q

how can you prevent malaria?

A
  • killing mosquitoes (vectors that carry the disease)
  • mosquito nets
  • door screens
  • long sleeves
  • vaccinate against malaria
20
Q

what does tomato blight do to tomataoes?

A
  • hyphae penetrate host cells
  • destroys leaves, tubers, and fruit
21
Q

what 2 diseases are caused by fungi?

A

black sigatoka and athlete’s foot

22
Q

what does black sigatoka do to bananas?

A
  • damages leaves by turning them black = less photosynthesis
  • 50% reduction in crops
23
Q

what does athletes foot do to humans?

A
  • forms a human ring worm
  • grows and digests the warm, moist skin between toes
  • cracking and scaling = itchy
24
Q

what is direct transmission in humans?

A

pathogen is transferred directly from one individual to another

25
Q

how does direct contact cause disease in humans?

A
  • kissing/contact with body fluids
  • direct skin to skin contact
  • microorganisms from faeces on hands
26
Q

what diseases are cause by direct contact in humans?

A

ring worm, athletes foot and stds

27
Q

how does innoculation cause disease in humans?

A
  • through a break in the skin
  • animal bite
  • puncture wound or sharing needles
28
Q

what disease is cause by innoculation in humans?

A

hiv/aids

29
Q

how does ingestion cause disease in humans?

A
  • taking in contaminated food
  • transferring pathogens from hands to mouth
30
Q

what is indirect transmission in humans?

A

pathogens travel from one individual to another indirectly

31
Q

how do fomites cause disease in humans?

A

inanimate objects can transfer pathogens (bedding, socks, makeup etc)

32
Q

what disease does fomites cause in humans?

A

athletes foot

33
Q

how does droplet infection (inhalation) cause disease in humans?

A
  • minute droplets of saliva and mucus expelled
  • when you cough, sneeze or talk
  • healthy individuals breath in these droplets
34
Q

what diseases are caused by droplet infection in humans?

A

influenza and tuberculosis

35
Q

how do vectors cause disease in humans?

A
  • transmits pathogen from one host to an other
  • majority of times and animal
36
Q

what disease do vectors cause in humans?

A

mosquito vector for malaria

37
Q

what are the factors that affect the transmission of communicable diseases in animals?

A
  • overcrowded living and living conditions
  • poor nutrition
  • compromised immune system
  • poor disposal of waste
  • climate change
  • culture and infrastructure
  • socioeconomic factors
38
Q

what is direct transmission in plants?

A

direct contact of a healthy plant with any part of a diseased plant

39
Q

what diseases are caused by direct transmission in plants?

A

tobacco mosaic virus, tomato blight and black sigatoka

40
Q

what is considered indirect transmission in plants?

A

soil contamination and vectors

41
Q

how does soil contamination cause disease?

A
  • infected plants leave pathogen

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