WEEK 1 Flashcards
Aetiology :
Study of causation or origination
Pathogenesis :
Development of disease
Aetiology
Inherited or familial Congenital Toxic Infectious Traumatic Degenerative
Pharmacodynamics
vs
Pharmacokinetics
Drug-receptor interaction Patient’s functional state Placebo effects vs Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
Healthcare professional Responsibilities
1.Pre-administration assessment
Baseline data
Stratification of risk
2.Planning and Implementation: Dosage and Administration
Understand the correct dosing range
Appropriate safety measures
3.Evaluating and Promoting Therapeutic Effect Evaluating Therapeutic Response Promoting compliance/adherence Implementing non-drug measures Minimize Adverse Effects Minimize Adverse Interactions Managing Toxicity Patient education
Approval of Drugs: Drug Legislation?
1906: A drug must be what it says it is
1938: Drugs must be tested for safety and approved by FDA
1962: Drugs must be effective for what they claim: testing procedures
1970: Controlled Substances Act
1992: Relaxed procedures for Cancer and AIDS drugs
1997: FDA Modernizing Act
Fast track for AIDS, cancer, and other life threatening conditions
Manufacturers must give 6 month notice before discontinuing a drug
FDA can require testing in children
Clinical trial database
Drug companies can provide physicians with articles on “off-label” uses
Drug Approval: Process
1.Preclinical testing Toxicity Pharmacokinetics Possible Useful Effects 2.Clinical Testing (in Humans) Phase I: Normal subjects; metabolism and side effects Phase II: Patients, therapeutic utility and dosage range Phase III: Patients; safety and effectiveness Conditional Approval Phase IV: Posmarketing Surveillance 3.Limitations of Process Women and children Failure to detect all adverse effects
P450 cytochrome system
hepatic microsomal enzyme system
metabloism Considerations
Inductions of P450 system
Competition between drugs
First Pass Effect
Nutritional status
Renal Drug Excretion
Glomerular Filtration
Passive Tubular Reabsorption
Active Tubular Secretion
Pharmacodynamics
1.Dose – Response Relationships Maximal Efficacy Potency 2.Drug – Receptor Interactions Receptor-Types Selectivity Theories Mode of Action
Mode of Action
Agonists
Antagonists
Partial Agonists
Regulation of Sensitivity
Drug Interactions
1.Drug-Drug Interactions Intensification: Effect and/or Adverse Effects Reduction 2.Food-Drug Interaction Absorption Metabolism Toxicity Action 3.Food-Herb Interactions
Idiosyncratic:
also known as type B reactions, are drug reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably amongst the population
Iatrogenic (i·at·ro·gen·ic) :
refers to being caused by the action of doctors and/or surgeons
Physical Dependence:
state resulting from chronic use of a drug that has produced tolerance and where negative physical symptoms of withdrawal
Carcinogenic:
capable of causing cancer
Teratogenic:
an agent, which can cause a birth defect
What Is a cell?
Basic functional unit of the body
eukaryotic cells and the three major componests
(cells with a true nucleus)
1/ plasma membrane
2, nucleus
3. cytoplasm
ribosomes
syn proteins and other materials for cell function
the nucleus
Contains DNA, RNA, nuclear proteins
Nuclear membrane
Chromatin (during mitosis becomes chromosomes)
Nucleolus
Lysosomes
- Originate from enzymes in Golgi apparatus walls
- Give rise to residual bodies (lipofusion)
- digestion of the cell